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z:ABSTRACT

Young artistic gymnasts are usually restricted from fluid and food intake which may influence their fluid balance during trainings. Purpose: To determine hydration status and sweat rate of young female gymnasts during a training session in the heat. Methods: Six competitive artistic gymnast girls (age: 12.0�3.12 yrs-old; body mass: 38.8�8.9 kg; height: 1.46�6.0 cm) who used to train 3-4 hours/day 6 times/week participated in this study.  On arrival to the gymnasium and prior to training, each girl urinated and, body mass was measured with girls wearing only bikinis. A urine sample was collected before and after training to measure urine specific gravity (USG). The training lasted ~3h and average ambient conditions were 34�C and 58% relative humidity. During training, athletes could drink water as desired from individual bottles that were weighed before and after the training session to calculate total volume intake. After training, girls urinated, and after having their body dried out, body mass was measured and another urine sample was separated for USG. Results: Two girls started training having USG>1.020. After training, four girls showed USGe"1.020, including one girl with USG=1.030. Mean water intake was 297�29.5 mL (244-327 mL) and sweat rate 375�85 mL�h-1 (316-536 mL�h-1). Mean body mass loss was 942�276 g (750-1450 g) which corresponded to a mean dehydration level of 2.5�0.5% (1.94-3.28 %). Conclusion: An average of three hours training caused consistent dehydration at levels varying from about 2 to 3%. 

Key Words:  hypohydration, fluid balance, body mass loss, rehydration

























INTRODUCTION

Artistic gymnastic (AG) is a sport modality in which training sessions are characterized by intense and repetitive exercises with the objective to improve a variety of components of force, agility, flexibility, coordination and balance. For competitive purposes, AG training sessions are prolonged (>3 h) and held 5-6 days a week. As these young athletes are not usually encouraged to hydrate during sessions, it is expected that they dehydrate while training.   
At a daily and resting basis, it is possible that artistic gymnast athletes restrict fluid intake in order to maintain body mass as already observed in judo athletes1,2 and synchronized swimmers.3  During practice, AG young athletes may further restrict fluid intake due to concerns of body mass increase, abdominal distension and performance or just because systematic breaks for drinking are not given4 as recently observed in Canadian young soccer players.5 However, persistent hypohydration is a concern in young athletes due the increased risk of heat-related injuries and performance impairment.6
In adults, dehydration above 2% may further increase core temperature, heart rate (HR) and impair cardiovascular capacity.7,8 Muscle strength9 and cognitive function10 have been described to be decreased with dehydration. In boys (10 to 12 yrs-old) there is an indication that high intensity cycling performance is impaired by moderate (2%) level of dehydration11 as well as basketball skills of 12 to 15 yrs-old adolescents.12
Other studies13-15 assessed hydration status and fluid intake of girls, but they had controlled standardized exercise protocols. To our knowledge, no study has evaluated hydration status and sweating among AG female athletes during a training session in the heat. Knowledge of body hydration status before and after training and attitudes towards fluid intake may help establish recommendations for AG athletes. The aim of the present study was to determine hydration status and sweat rate of AG athlete girls during a training session in the heat. 

mETHODS

Participants
 Six girls, members of the AG team of the School of Physical Education (ESEF) of the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), participated in this study. The athletes trained 3-4 h/day, 6 days per week. They all provided verbal consent, and one of their parents signed an informed consent form. The study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of UFRGS.   

Physical evaluation and screening session
 This pre participation session was held in the Exercise Laboratory of ESEF/UFRGS for anthropometrical, aerobic fitness and overall health evaluation. Table 1 shows the physical characteristics and maturational status of the girls. They did not report chronic diseases or use of medication, according to a questionnaire used in this session.     

INSERT TABLE 1

Body mass was determined using electronic scales with a precision of 0.05 kg (G-TECH model Glass 3 control, Guangdong, China), and height using a wall mounted stadiometer (Filizola, Sao Paulo, Brazil, 0.01 m). Body surface area (BSA) was calculated using DuBois & DuBois formula16 (BSA = 0.20247 x height (m)0.725 x body mass (kg)0.425). Seven skinfolds (triceps, biceps, subscapular, iliac crest, abdominal, front thigh and medial calf) were measured, in nonconsecutive triplicate (Lange caliper, Cambridge, USA, 1 mm), and the sum of averages was considered to evaluate adiposity. Maturational status was self-reported according to Tanner�s classification,17 in which prepubescent (PP) corresponded to stage 1; and pubescent (P) to stages 2-4.
	Peak oxygen consumption (VO2peak) was assessed using McMaster�s protocol18 in a cycloergometer (Ergo fit, model 167, Toledo, Spain, Spain, 5 W). This protocol consists of progressive load increase (15 to 25 W) each 2 min. Expiratory gases were analyzed through an indirect open-circuit (O2 and CO2 analyser Medgraphics, model CPX/D, breath by breath, Minnesota, USA). The test was interrupted when one of the following criteria was met: VO2 plateau, heart rate (HR) > 200 beats.min-1 (Polar Electro Oy, model S610, Finland, 1 beats.min-1), rating of perceived exertion (RPE)19 > 19 and inability to keep the cycling pace at 60 rpm, or exhaustion despite verbal encouragement by researchers.

Training session 
After three days of the evaluation session, the training session of 3h18min was held inside a gymnasium with an average air temperature of 34�C and RH of 58% during a warm summer afternoon. 
On arrival, the girls were told to void and then they were weighted (G-TECH model Glass 3 control, Guangdong, China, 0.05 kg) wearing only bikinis. Just before and after the end of training, a sample of urine was collected to evaluate specific gravity (USG) by a hand-held refractometer (Hand-Held, Atago 2722-E04, Tokyo, Japan) considering euhydration < 1.020 and hypohydration e" 1.020.8,20
Training consisted of a warm-up (running), following by jumping in the trampoline, rope exercises and stretching. Afterwards, the girls practiced acrobatics in the mat.  HR and RPE were measured every 30 min until the 90th min, and a last record was done at 190 min of training.
Athletes could drink as much as desired every 60 minutes during the training from their individual bottle containing plain water, as this was the type of fluid they use to drink during intervals. The bottles were weighted (scale Ohaus, model CS2000, New Jersey, USA, 1g) before and after the training session to determine the total volume ingested.  
Sweat volume was estimated by the difference of body mass before and after the training corrected for water intake. Sweat volume was expressed as unit of time (in one hour) and divided by BSA so as to express the sweat rate. Percentage hydration was calculated from the change of body mass relative to the initial body mass. 

Statistical analysis
 Data distribution was evaluated by the Shapiro-Wilk test. As all the variables had symmetrical distribution, data were expressed as mean � standard deviation (minimum and maximum). The paired t test was used to compare pre- and post-training body mass and USG. To compare HR and RPE over time, the analysis of variance (ANOVA) with repeated measures with post hoc Least Significance Difference (LSD) was applied. P<0.05 was considered as statistically significant. Software SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences, 13.0) was used for data analysis. 

Results

One girl (ID#5) could not perform the VO2peak on the scheduled day due to a injury but she was evaluated on the regular training session. 
Figure 1 shows individual USG values before and after the training session. As observed, two girls (ID#2 and ID#4) started training with values > 1.020. After training, only one girl showed USG < 1.020 (ID#5, USG = 1.019), and four girls (ID# 1, 2, 4 and 6) showed USG e" 1.020, including one girl (ID#4) with USG = 1.030. One athlete (ID#3) could not void after the training. Mean pre- (1.018 � 0.007 (1.011-1.028)) and post- (1.023 � 0.004 (1.019-1.030)) USG were similar.

INSERT FIGURE 1

Figure 2 shows individual values of ingested volume and the sweat rate during the training.  Overall mean water volume ingested during training was 297 � 29.5 mL (244-327 mL); and sweat volume, 1240 � 283 mL (1043-1770 mL). Per hour, sweat rate was 375 � 85 mL�h-1 (316-536 mL�h-1); and when corrected by BSA per min, 5.0 � 0.7 mL�m-2�min-1 (4.14-6.01 mL�m-2�min-1). There was a significant (P<0.0001) body mass loss of 942 � 276 g (750-1450 g), corresponding to a mean dehydration degree of 2.5 � 0.5% (1.94-3.28%). 

INSERT FIGURE 2

HR and RPE responses are shown in Table 2. HR increased significantly with time (P=0.041), but RPE responses had no significant changes. 

INSERT TABLE 2

DiscussION

This study showed that all girls dehydrated in degrees that varied from 1.94 to 3.28%, during about three hours of training in warm conditions (34�C and 58% RH). This consistent body fluid loss is explained by insufficient (~25% or 300 mL) water replenishment in relation to the total water loss from sweating (1240 mL). According to USG, four girls began the session euhydrated but USG did not always increase in response to dehydration at the end of the session. 
Different from controlled conditions, the resultant body water balance from a given modality training is difficult to generalize as fluid intake and sweating are influenced by many factors. When young male and female judo athletes (12-17 yrs-old) trained 90 min in warm conditions,2 water consumption was also lower than sweat volume both in mid- (42%, 171 vs. 400 mL) and late (32%, 257 vs. 800 mL) pubescents. When athlete girls (10.6 ( 0.2 yrs-old) cycled under controlled conditions (four 20-min bouts at 60% VO2max alternating with 25 min rest during three hours in the heat),14 voluntary water intake reached ~90% (950 mL) of that lost from sweat (1050 mL). Even when flavored water or carbohydrate-electrolyte drinks were offered, overall fluid intake was similar (1026 and 906 mL, respectively). The girls from the study of Rivera-Brown et al.14 drank relatively more (~200% or 600 mL) than those from the present study during a similar period. Although the flavor and composition of a beverage may stimulate fluid intake in boys,21 the resting intervals between the cycling bouts, which is not common during GA training, may have given more opportunities for the girls to drink. 
In the present study, three girls were prepubescents and the other three, early pubescents. As prepubescent girls tend to present a lower sweating rate compared to pubescents,22 one may expect them to be at a lower risk of dehydration during their physical activities; however, it is still unclear whether maturation level affects dehydration during training. In the present study, overall sweat volume (calculated for one hour) was ~40% greater than that observed in mid-pubescent (266 mL) boys and girls during a judo training session.2 During one hour soccer training,23 the respective sweat volume of prepubescent and pubescent boys was ~5 and 43% greater than that of the present AG girls.  As the relative aerobic component of soccer should be more predominant than that of AG, further sweating adaptations should result from soccer compared to AG training.24 Therefore, besides gender and maturation level, the sport modality may affect the sweat volume even at the young population.  
	In adults, a body water deficit induced by exercise lower than 2% has been acceptable and still safe for performance and health.8,20,25 Above 2%, greater increases of body temperature rate and HR, earlier fatigue, and decrement in VO2peak may occur.26,27 Muscle strength and power have also been shown to be impaired with ~3 to 4% hypodration level.9 In the present study, 2/3 of the girls dehydrated over 2%; but it is unknown whether the performance of these girls was affected compared to a euhydrated state.  
Although, the above information refers to adult groups, there is some indication that high cycling performance and basketball skills in youth are impaired by moderate hypodration level. A study11 observed that performance and mechanical work of a cycling test was reduced when physically active boys (10-12 yrs-old) were dehydrated by 1 and 2% compared to when they were euhydrated. 
	More information from young athletes is derived from basketball which is characterized by intermittent and high intensity efforts and jumps. In 12- to 15 years-old boys12 or adolescent and young male adults (17 to 28 years-old),28 a 2% hypohydration level impaired basketball skills. A recent study30 however showed no impairment in a set of basketball drills in adolescents (14-15 yrs-old) at ~2% hypohydration, although the rate of perceived exertion increased. Therefore, studies should be conducted to clarify whether hypohydration affects GA performance since, as demonstrated in the present study, all young athletes ended training with body water deficit.

ConclusIoNS aND PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

	During 3h18min training in the heat, AG girls consistently dehydrated at levels of at least 2%. The girls did not demonstrate any related symptoms; however, it is unknown whether such hypohydration levels affect AG skills. This study indicates that adequate fluid replenishment should be recommended for AG young athletes, especially following practices, as the training/competition schedule is intense and rest intervals between sessions are short for optimal recovery.     





ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

This study was supported by a CNPq research grant (Edital Universal n�. 479314). Claudia Altmayer Perrone was supported by a scholarship from CAPES (Brazilian Research Council). None of the authors had a conflict of interest regarding any aspect of this research.
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27. Greenleaf JE (1992) Problem: Thirst, drinking behavior, and involuntary dehydration. Med Sci Sports Exerc 24:654-656.
28. Baker LB, Conroy DE, Kenney WL (2007) Dehydration impairs vigilance-related attention in male basketball players. Med Sci Sports Exerc 39:976�983.
29. Carvalho P, Oliveira B, Barros R, Padr�o P, Moreira P, et al. (2011) Impact of fluid restriction and ad libitum water intake or an 8% carbohydrate-eletrolyte beverage on skill performance of elite adolescent basketball players. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 21:214-221. 








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