| Plants |
Model/dosage/time |
Effects |
Components |
References |
Curcuma longa
(Turmeric) |
Human, curcumin 1g/day, Po, 30 days or 8 weeks; mice, fermented curcumin, 100, 200 and 500 mg/kg; rats, curcumin, 30 days, 200 mg/kg; rabbits, curcumin, 0.2% of food, 8 weeks; hamsters, curcumin, 500 mg/kg; Po, 10 weeks.rabbits, curcuminoids extract (50 mg/kg), Po, 6 weeks |
TG↓ TC↓ LDL-C↓ HDL↓
Lipoprotein (a) ↓ FFA↓
serum oxidized LDL↓ MMP-9 ↓ CETP↓Homocystein↓ |
Curcumin |
[25-31] |
Trigonellafoenum-graecum
(fenugreek) |
Rats, Ethyl acetate extract of seeds, 0.125% of food, 16 weeks; rats, alcoholic extract, 200 mg/kg, chronic; hamsters, 50 mg/kg, Po, 7 days; mice, seed protein extract, 1.5 and 15 mg/kg, Po, 15 days; rats, aqueous extract, 0.5 and 1 g/kg, Po, 28 days; human, 100 g of seeds, 20 days; human, 25 and 50 g of defatted seeds, 20 days; human, 25 g of seeds, 24 weeks; human 12.5 and 18 g of powdered germinated fenugreek, 30 days; human, 2.5 g seeds, twice daily, 3months. (MSG)-obese rats, aqueous extract of seeds (500 and 1000 mg/kg) from day 43 to 70. |
TG↓ TC↓ LDL-C↓ VLDL↑ HDL↓ FFA↓ Apo B↓ Lipoprotein (a) ↓ Activation of lecithin-cholesterol acyl transferase, TG lipase and LPL.
fecal bile excretion↑
Upregulation of LDLR |
Polyphenols and flavonoids |
[33-46] |
| Cinnamon |
Rats, 200 and 400 mg/kg, Po, 8 weeks; rats, 200 mg/kg, Po, 6 weeks; rats, methanolic extract, 200 mg/kg, Po, 8 weeks; rabbits, 500 and 750 mg/kg, 30 days. Human, 3x3 g, Po, 8 weeks. |
TG↓ TC↓ LDL-C↓ HDL↑ |
cinnamaldehydecinnomic acid, eugenol, coumarin, procyanidins |
[54-59] |
Nigella sativa
(black caraway, black seed, black cumin) |
Human, 1 g daily, Po, 2 months; human, 3 x 1 g daily, Po, 8 week; rats, Po, 6 weeks. |
TG↓ TC↓ LDL-C↓ HDL↑ VLDL↓ |
Alkaloids, saponins, thymoquinone, migellamine,
Flavonoids |
[64-67] |
Zingiberofficinale
(ginger) |
Rats, 200 or 400 mg/kg aqueous extract, Po, 6 weeks; human, 3 g daily, Po, 45 days; rats, 100, 200 or 300 mg/kg, 2 or 4 weeks.rabbits, ginger extract (200 mg/kg), Po, 6 weeks; Human, 3x3 g, Po, 8 weeks. |
TG↓ TC↓ LDL-C↓ HDL↑ VLDL↓ Intestinal Cholesterol absorption↓ serum oxidized LDL↓ MMP-9 ↓ CETP↓Homocystein↓ |
Gingerols, shogaols, paradols, zingiberene |
[55-59] |
Crocus sativus
(saffron crocus) |
Rats, 40 or 80 mg/kg, Po, 28 days; rats, 25, 50 or 100 mg/kg, Po, 5 days; rats, crocin 4.84, 9.69 or 19.38 mg/kg, Po, 5 days; Human, 3x3 g, Po, 8 weeks. |
TG↓ TC↓ LDL-C↓ HDL↑ |
tannins,
saponins, crocins, crocetin, crocetin glycosides |
[71,72,59] |
Hydrastis Canadensis
(goldenseal) |
Hamsters, berberine 50 or 100 mg/kg, Po, 10 days; rats, berberine 50, 100 or 150 mg/kg, 8 weeks; rats, berberine 200 mg/kg, gavage, 16 weeks. |
TG↓ TC↓ LDL-C↓
Cholesterol excretion from liver into bile ↑
Dietary cholesterol absorption ↓
Liver LDL receptor↓
HMG-CoA reductase gene expression ↓ |
Berberine |
[76,77,79] |
Glycyrrhizaglabra
(licorice, sweet root) |
Rats, Glycyrrhizic acid 100 mg/kg, Po, 28 days; |
TG↓ HDL↑
Tissue lipid depositio↓ |
Glycyrrhizic acid |
[81] |
Salvia officinalis
(sage) |
Human, 2x300 ml of sage tea (equivalent to 2.1 g of lyophilized extract daily), four weeks; human, 1500 mg leaf extract daily, Po, 3 months; human, 1500 mg leaf extract daily, Po, 2 months; |
TG↓ TC↓ LDL-C↓ HDL↑ VLDL↓ |
Polyphenols, rosmarinic, luteolin-7-glucoside |
[93-95] |
Cameliasinensis
(green tea) |
Rats, green tea powder 10% or ethanolic extract 5%, Po, 8 weeks; catechin and Rats, epigallocatechin gallate1.1 mg/ml of drink |
TC↓ LDL-C↓ TG↓* |
Catechins |
[100,101] |
Portulacaoleracea
(purslane, pigweed, moss rose) |
Human, 50-60 g leaves, Po, 45 days; human, 1 g of seeds, Po, 1 month; rats, leaves water extract 0.5% of diet, 28 days; |
TG↓ TC↓ LDL-C↓ |
Flavonoids, alkaloids, coumarins |
[110-112] |
Basella alba
(vine spinach) |
Rabbits, methanolic extract 100 and 200 mg/kg, 12 weeks |
TG↓ TC↓ LDL-C↓ HDL↑ |
Naringin, apigenin, luteolin |
[115] |
Fermentumrubrum
(red yeast rice) |
Human, RYR 3600 mg daily, Po, 24 weeks; human, RYR 1-2 g daily, 4-12 weeks; human, RYR 1200 mg, Po, 8 weeks; human, RYR 1200 mg, Po, 1 month; |
TG↓ TC↓ LDL-C↓
Apo B ↓ |
Isoflavonoids, sterols |
[116,117,119,120] |
Prunusdulcis
(almond) |
Human, 10 g daily, Po, 6 or 12 weeks |
TG↓ TC↓ LDL-C↓ HDL↑ VLDL↓ |
Isorhamnetin, kaempferol, quercetin, catechin, epicatechin, naringenin, Acids: caffeic, ferulic,
p-coumaric, vanillic |
[141] |
Semecarpusanacardium
(Ballataka, Bhilwa) |
Rats, 300 mg/kg, Po, 21 days |
TG↓ TC↓ LDL-C↓
FFA↓ HDL↑ VLDL↓ |
Biflavonoids, bhilawanols |
[142] |
Pistaciavera
(pistachio) |
Human, 20% of daily caloric intake, 3 weeks. |
TC↓ HDL↑ |
Limonene,
α-pinene,
α-thujene,
α-terpinolene |
[143] |
Pinuseldarica
(mondell, Afghan pine) |
Rabbits, hydroalcoholic extract of nut powder 100 or 200 mg/kg, Po, 8 weeks. |
TC↓ LDL-C↓ |
Polyphenols,
β-caryophylleneα-pinene,
β-pinene |
[146] |
Juglansregia
(walnut) |
Human, walnut 43 g/day, Po, 8 weeks |
Non-HDL-C↓ Apo B↓ |
Flavonoids, sterols, phenolic acids, pectic substances |
[150] |
|