COASTAL ECOSYSTEMS: STRUCTURE FUNCTIONS AND CONSERVATION

Coastal ecosystems including mangroves, coral reefs, salt marshes, seagrass beds, and estuaries are among the most productive and biologically diverse environments on Earth. They provide essential ecosystem services such as shoreline protection, carbon sequestration, nursery habitat for marine organisms, and support for fisheries and human livelihoods. However, coastal systems face serious threats from human activities and climate change, including habitat degradation, pollution, overfishing, and sea‑level rise. This article reviews the ecological structure, key functions, and major challenges facing coastal ecosystems and highlights conservation strategies essential to sustain their integrity and services.