MIGRATORY SPECIES: ECOLOGY THREATS AND CONSERVATION

Migratory species undertake repetitive, long‑distance movements between habitats that are critical for feeding, breeding, or survival. These movements are often seasonal and evolutionarily adapted to environmental cues such as photoperiod, temperature, and resource availability. Migratory species including birds, mammals, fish, and insects contribute disproportionately to ecosystem processes (e.g., nutrient transport, seed dispersal, pest control) and are indicators of global environmental change. However, anthropogenic threats such as habitat fragmentation, climate change, pollution, and overexploitation have led to widespread declines in migratory populations. Conservation strategies increasingly emphasize international cooperation, habitat connectivity, and adaptive management to sustain these species and the ecological functions they provide.