SALMONIDS: BIOLOGY ECOLOGY AND CONSERVATION

Salmonids (family Salmonidae) are a diverse group of cold‑water fish that includes salmon, trout, chars, and whitefishes. They occupy freshwater and marine environments across the Northern Hemisphere and are ecologically and economically significant. Salmonids exhibit complex life histories, including anadromous and resident forms, and play key roles in aquatic food webs and nutrient cycling. However, many salmonid populations are threatened by habitat loss, overfishing, pollution, and climate change. This article reviews the biology, ecological roles, and conservation challenges of salmonids, highlighting the need for integrated management strategies to safeguard their future.