SALT MARSHES: ECOLOGY FUNCTIONS AND THREATS IN COASTAL ECOSYSTEMS

Salt marshes are globally significant coastal wetlands characterized by salt‑tolerant vegetation and periodic tidal inundation. They occupy transitional zones between terrestrial and marine ecosystems and provide critical ecosystem services including carbon sequestration, coastal protection, nutrient cycling, and biodiversity support. Despite covering only a small fraction of Earth’s surface, salt marshes have outsized ecological and socio‑economic value. However, these ecosystems face growing threats from sea‑level rise, land‑use conversion, climate change, and human disturbance. This article reviews the structure and ecological importance of salt marshes, highlights key functions and services, and discusses major challenges and conservation needs for their sustainability.