TEMPERATURE VARIATIONS: DRIVERS PATTERNS AND IMPLICATIONS

Temperature variations both spatial and temporal changes in atmospheric or surface temperature are fundamental features of Earth’s climate system. These variations occur over short timescales (daily and seasonal cycles) and long timescales (decadal to centennial trends) and arise from a combination of natural variability and anthropogenic forcing. Understanding the mechanisms and impacts of temperature variations is essential for climate science, ecological assessments, public health planning, and environmental policy. This article reviews the principal drivers of temperature variability, the patterns observed in climate records, and the ecological and societal implications of changing temperature regimes.