Perspective, Hiv Aids Res J Vol: 5 Issue: 1

Exosomes Play a Critical Role in HIV Infection

Weihua Li^*

Beijing Institute of Hepatology, Beijing Youan Hospital, Fengtai, Beijing, China

*Corresponding Author:Weihua Li
Beijing Institute of Hepatology, Beijing Youan Hospital, Fengtai, Beijing, China
E-mail:liweihua@163.com

Received date: 03 December, 2021, Manuscript No. HARJ-22-56930;

Editor assigned date: 06 December, 2021, PreQC No. HARJ-22-56930(PQ);

Reviewed date: 21 December, 2021, QC No HARJ-22-56930;

Revised date: 27 December, 2021, Manuscript No. HARJ-22-56930(R);

Published date: 06 January, 2022, DOI: 10.4172/HARJ.1000002

Citation: Li W (2022) Exosomes Play a Critical Role in HIV Infection. HIV AIDS Res J 5:1.

Keywords: HIV

Description

The exosomes play a crucial position in HIV contamination, which represent a pathway to launch intracellular fabric and change fabric and records among cells. Exosomes have turn out to be a hotspot with inside the discipline of AIDS research. This evaluation introduces the formation technique of HIV debris and exosomes, and summarizes the position of exosomes with inside the development of HIV sickness from a couple of factors. Many additives of the exosomes concerned in HIV switch and replication have an effect on the occurrence, development, and final results of AIDS, and are carefully associated with HIV contamination. Exosomes will have a twin effect on HIV contamination, and play an vital position in activating the latent reservoir of HIV and affecting the persistent irritation of HIV. The organic records carried with the aid of using exosomes are likewise of extremely good importance for the prediction of HIV sickness. The gift evaluation summarizes the position of exosomes in HIV sickness development in numerous factors if you want to similarly apprehend the underlying mechanism affecting the contamination and presenting a brand new concept for the medical analysis and remedy of AIDS.

Effects in HIV Infection

Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) is a primary global public health concern. The Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is the pathogen of AIDS. Since AIDS has been identified, >37 million people worldwide have been infected [1]. Presently, Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART) inhibits HIV replication and improves patient prognosis, turning AIDS into a chronic viral infectious disease [2]. However, due to the existence of HIV reservoir [3], HAART cannot eliminate the virus completely from the body [4]. After the treatment is stopped, the latent HIV can be reactivated [5]. Hence, AIDS patients cannot yet be cured. Therefore, understanding the factors that affect HIV disease progression and cause cytopathic effects is the key to eliminating HIV completely and curing AIDS permanently.

Several studies have demonstrated that the generation process of exosomes has considerable overlap with viral assembly and outflow pathways of HIV, suggesting that exosomes play a significant role in the HIV infection process. Typically, the exosomes can transport viruses from the infected cells to uninfected cells, regulating the host's immune response to virus infection [6,7]. Moreover, exosomes can transmit disease-causing information, which affects the outcome of virus infections [8]. HIV is the first RNA virus used for exosome research. Although some breakthroughs have been made with respect to the correlation between HIV and exosomes, the specific biological function has not yet been clarified. This study reviews the correlation between exosomes and HIV and the application of exosomes in HIV infection.

Biological Characteristics of Exosomes

Exosomes are small extracellular vesicles derived from diverse mobileular kind’s beneathneath physiological or pathological conditions. Polymorphic vesicles or exosomes have been first observed in sheep reticulocytes with the aid of using Johnstone [9]. Originally, exosomes have been notion of as a manner for cells to dispose of metabolic waste. Later, research determined that exosomes secreted with the aid of using B lymphocytes include histocompatibility magnificence II antigen complexes, which could set off the immune reaction of T lymphocytes [10]. Therefore, exosomes steadily attracted people's attention. Exosomes have a lipid bilayer shape with a diameter of 30â??one hundred fifty nm and a density of approximately 1.13-1.19 g/ml [11]. In the presence of enough water, exosomes are spherical whilst regarded beneath neath a low-temperature microscope. At present, it's been determined that exosomes have morphological variety in frame fluids, and a few researches have categorised exosomes derived from Human Mast Cells 1 (HMC-1) into 9 classes in keeping with their one-of-a-kind morphologies. Previous researches have proven that exosomes come from an extensive variety of re-assets and may be launched into the microenvironment with the aid of using numerous one-of-a-kind cells. They are determined in numerous organic fluids, such as blood, urine, breast milk, and semen. Exosomes include ample macromolecular substances, including proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids, and their surfaces include precise protein markers, including CD9, CD63, and CD81, which may be used as precise markers for the identity of exosomes. Exosomes function the companies of mobileular signaling molecules and mediate mobileular-to-mobileular transmission, sell the delivery of proteins and nucleic acids and effectuate ailment development. In addition to taking part in a couple of procedures including intercellular sign transduction, extracellular mechanism generation, and tumor interstitial communication, exosomes additionally play an vital position in viral infection. For example, exosomes can each supply antiviral sellers among one-of-a-kind cells and goal viral antagonists to permit the virus to keep away from host immunity. The functions of HIV debris overlap with exosomes. Both are composed of a lipid bilayer membrane and may convey genetic fabric. Also, the density of HIV (1.16-1.18 g/ml) and diameter (one hundred nm) are just like the ones of exosomes. However, those similarities render keeping apart exosomes from the HIV virus as a substitute challenging.

Exosomes are a sequence of membranous nanovesicles and generated as follows. First, the mobile membrane invalidates to shape an endosome. Then, the endosomal membrane is dented, budding inwards to shape Multi Vesicular Bodies (MVBs) containing Intra-Luminal Vesicles (ILVs). Finally, a few MVBs fuse with lysosomes for degradation, while others whose membrane floor consists of CD63 and lysosomal related membrane protein 1 mediate the fusion of MVBs with the mobile membrane to launch ILVs with inside the extracellular space. These vesicles then convert into exosomes. The biogenesis of ILVs and MVBs is pushed through mechanisms: Endosomal Sorting Complex Required for Transport machinery (ESCRT-dependent) and ESCRT-unbiased. ESCRT includes  protein complexes and a few related proteins (Alix and VPS4), every with numerous functions. ESCRT-zero acknowledges and aggregates ubiquitinated proteins at the endosomal membrane and recruits ESCRT-I. ESCRT-I merges with ESCRT-II to sell endosomal membrane invagination and convey RNA and proteins into the newly shaped vesicle. Subsequently, ESCRT-II recruits ESCRT-III to sever the relationship among the endosomal membrane and the vesicle to split the vesicle. Moreover, the ESCRT-I-associated protein, tumor susceptibility gene a hundred and one protein, and ESCRT-III-associated proteins, Alix, and CHMP4, play crucial roles in growing exosomes. Some research has proven that exosomes lower while the ranges of those proteins are low. In addition, ILVs and MVBs may be generated even if the mobile is depleted of the ESCRT protein complexes, indicating that the biogenesis of ILVs and MVBs may be pushed in an ESCRT-unbiased way in which transmembrane proteins and a few lipid molecules, together with ceramide, are involved. Current researches have proven that Ral GTPase regulates the biogenesis of MVBs and the secretion of exosomes. This locating is precious to the examine of exosomes.

Formations of Exosomes and HIV Particles

The formation of HIV debris has many functions overlapping the ones of exosomes. The budding of HIV calls for ESCRT, in addition to TSG101 and Alix. HIV is comprised of 3 structural proteins: Gag, Pol, and Env. Among those, Gag is the most effective essential protein for HIV formation. It assembles on the plasma membrane to generate the virus debris, interacts with TSG101 protein, and recruits ESCRT-I to the plasma membrane. Then, ESCRT-I recruits ESCRT-II to the plasma membrane. TSG101 protein merges with AIP1 protein and interacts with CHMP4 in ESCRT-III. ESCRT-III binds to the plasma membrane to shape a complicated mobile protein that nourishes HIV budding. ESCRT-III with the plasma membrane paperwork vesicles to encase the virus debris. Subsequently, the vesicles separate after plasma membrane fission and fuse with the mobile membrane to launch the virus. The mobile protein Vps4 is critical for this technique. It is recruited to the plasma membrane to facilitate the discharge of ESCRT additives from the vesicles after virus budding and effectuate the recycling of ESCRT additives. The similarity among the formation technique of exosomes and the budding technique of HIV complicates the studies on exosomes. Exosomes are critical to the improvement of HIV. The pathogenesis of HIV is complicated, and the molecular materials withinside the virus are crucial to the ailment development. Being the providers of fabric exchange, exosomes play a key position in mobile communication. Studies have proven that exosomes can switch the materials from the HIV virus amongst cells, which impacts the incidence and improvement of the ailment. In the subsequent sections, the existing paper will introduce the effect of exosomes on HIV ailment development and the software of exosomes in HIV treatment.

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