Review Article, J Mar Biol Oceanogr Vol: 15 Issue: 2

Marine Biodiversity of São Tomé and Príncipe: Geographic, Climatic, Oceanographic, and Biogeochemical settings

Maria Emilia Cunha^1*, Armando J Almeida², Wadmilton Fernandes³ and Hugulay Maia³

¹Centro de Ciências do Mar do Algarve (CCMAR/CIMAR LA), Universidade do Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal

²Centro de Ciências do Mar e doAmbiente (MARE), Portugal e Departamento de Biologia (Bloco C2), Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal

³Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologias da Universidade de São Tomé e Príncipe (FCT-USTP), Quinta de Santo António. C.P. 546 São Tomé, São Tomé e Príncipe

*Corresponding Author:

Maria Emilia Cunha
Centro de Ciências do Mar do Algarve (CCMAR/CIMAR LA), Universidade do Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
E-mail: mecunha@ualg.pt

Received: 23-March-2026; Manuscript No: JMBO-26-186751; Editor Assigned: 26-March-2026; PreQC Id: JMBO-26-186751(PQ); Reviewed: 13-April-2026; QC No: JMBO-26-186751(Q); Revised: 21-April-2026; Manuscript No: JMBO26-186751(R); Published: 30-April-2026, DOI: 10.4172/jmbo.1000343

Citation: Cunha ME, Almeida AJ, Fernandes W, Maia H (2026) Marine Biodiversity of São Tomé and Príncipe: Geographic, Climatic, Oceanographic and Biogeochemical settings. J Mar Biol Oceanogr 15: 343

Abstract

Keywords: Marine Biodiversity; São Tomé and Principe; Eastern Tropical Atlantic; Gulf of Guinea; Bay of Biafra; Biological Productivity; Oceanography; Climate; ITCZ; Biogeography

Introduction

Global change is significantly impacting Earth’s biodiversity [1]. As species population’s decline and extinction risks increase worldwide [2], it is crucial to identify sites critical for the conservation of biodiversity. São Tomé and Príncipe, situated in the tropical eastern Atlantic along the Cameroon Line, possess geographic isolation and diverse environmental conditions that have fostered distinctive marine life with tropical origins and high species richness. The Gulf of Guinea has been identified as one of the world’s marine biodiversity hotspots, ranking within the upper two-thirds in terms of risk from human activities [3]. Overfishing and other threats to species populations continue to deplete resources and alter ecosystems. Despite recent advances, including the recognition of São Tomé and Príncipe as a UNESCO World Biosphere Reserve in 2025, a gap persists between available scientific knowledge and its integration into public policies. To make informed decisions that align with global biodiversity commitments, such as those outlined in the Global Biodiversity Framework (GBF), there is a need to establish a robust monitoring system that tracks progress towards conservation goals and enhance accountability in biodiversity management based on knowing what, where, and when species are present. In addition, the data need to be placed, and/or mapped, into an environmental context.

A comprehensive synthesis of existing scientific knowledge is both timely and essential, not only to consolidate fragmented data but also to inform evidence-based conservation and foster future research agendas. Through this synthesis, we seek to position São Tomé and Príncipe within the broader context of the Tropical Atlantic Island biogeography and to highlight its role as a keystone system for understanding marine diversity in tropical oceanic environments. Extensive information exists regarding species biodiversity, yet there is limited understanding of the environmental conditions that support their thriving populations.

A review of published and unpublished research related to the regional marine biodiversity was used in the study [Annex I]. Five hundred and sixty-eight (568) entries in total were recovered and the documents are now available for consultation at the Fisheries and Aquaculture Directorate (Direcção das Pescas e Aquacultura) of São Tomé and Principe. Of these, 69% refer to the presence of taxonomic groups or species. Most examined specimens belonged to Phylum Chordata (56%), but Mollusca (17%) and Arthropoda (13%) (mainly Crustacea) also attracted considerable interest. Among the Chordata, particular emphasis was placed on birds (45%) and fish (37%).

The present paper provides a summary of research conducted in São Tomé and Principe concerning marine biodiversity, regional marine biogeography, and the oceanographic factors that have influenced the development of its biodiversity.

Geographical setting of São Tomé and Principe

São Tomé and Príncipe are two volcanic islands located right north of the equator in the eastern part of the Gulf of Guinea [Figure 1]. It is a small island developing nation consisting of two principal islands and several smaller islets, all of which are part of the Cameroon Volcanic Line. This geological line is aligned in a southwest direction extending from Cameroon on the African continent through the continental island of Bioko into the ocean. It includes the oceanic Principe Island, situated approximately 220 km southwest of Bioko and formed around 31 million years ago; São Tomé, located 146 km from Príncipe is younger with an estimated age of 13 million years old; and Annobón, the youngest island in the chain with 4.8 million years, and is positioned 180 km from São Tomé [4]. Located at the east inner most part of the Guinea Gulf, the two islands are true oceanic formations separated among them and from the African mainland by depths exceeding 3000 meters. The coast is rocky and very steep, with a shelf break on both islands around 80 – 100 m depth and bottom depths typically deeper than 1000 m off the shelf [5]. The emerged portion of the island of São Tomé with its southern Rola islet (836 km²) is much larger than Príncipe (130 km²), but if measured from the shelf break at 100 m depth, Príncipe is larger. São Tomé shelf covers an area of 432 km² that in the north-western quarter of the island is very narrow reaching up to 1.2 km from the coastline, whereas in the north-eastern part, the shelf extends as far as 5.4 km. Príncipe’s shelf area covers 1,097 km², with the 100 m isobaths extending 7 km north and 27 km south to the Tinhosas islets. The shapes of the two islands, considering the limit of the 100 m isobaths, are remarkably similar [Figure 1].

São Tomé and Príncipe feature a few large river basins with dense networks [Figure 2]. The watersheds are numerous and small. Their areas range from 4 to 111 km², developing around watercourses that have a length between 5 and 27 km and an elevation difference between highest points and sea level of 1000 to 1500 meters [70].

Climatological and Oceanographic overview

Climatology

The tropical Atlantic (30° N and 30° S), exhibits northeasterly and southeasterly trade winds converging into an Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) north of the equator, all of which display a seasonal cycle that dominates the ocean-atmosphere signal in the tropical Atlantic [7] [Figure 3a]. The ITCZ is a narrow band marked by warm temperatures above 27°C and upward movement of moist air. As air ascends and undergoes cooling, water vapor condenses, resulting in a global belt of substantial precipitation. The cooled, elevated air subsequently moves toward the poles from the ITCZ, descends, and produces drier clear weather conditions on the opposite side resulting in atmospheric cells. This is referred to as Hadley cells, one in the North and the other in the South of the Equator [Figure 3b]. In the Atlantic Ocean, the ITCZ is always found several degrees north of the geographical equator, slightly tilting northward toward the eastern basin. The ITCZ exhibits seasonal variation in its location, typically trailing the sun by approximately one month. During the northern hemisphere summer, it shifts northward, while in winter, it moves southward. The northward migration results in a variable wind forcing field across the tropical Atlantic region because the sea- surface air pressure difference between the north (warm) and south (cooler) drives an unusually strong wind from the southeast [8] trade.

Stronger winds from the south increasingly cool the southern water and help to push the ITCZ northward bringing clear skies and dryer weather to the south.

The climate in São Tomé and Príncipe typically reflects the location of the ITCZ. There is a warm rainy season from November to May, and a cold season from June to October. The northernmost position of the ITCZ is reached in July-August, corresponding to the peak of cooler and dryer season. During April-May, which corresponds to the heavy rainy season, the ITCZ is at its southernmost position and just north of the equator.

Oceanographic settings

The upper-level geostrophic circulation in the Atlantic Ocean, south of the 10°N, is dominated by a system of gyres and by the Equatorial and Circumpolar Current Systems. [Figure 4] provides a schematic representation of the large-scale, upper-level geostrophic circulation in the region. The Subtropical gyre, from which the Benguela Current integrates the eastern limb of the South Equatorial Current moving westwards, is located mostly south of latitude 20°S. The Benguela Current moves away from the African territory near 30°S and heads north-westwards towards the Brazilian coast where the most part turns south integrating the Brazilian Current and some form the north Brazil Current that moves north along the coast [9]. Centred at around 10°S and 9°E there is a subsurface prominent feature during the southern hemisphere summer (January-April), the Angola dome. It is a cold-water dome off Angola with a cyclonic circulation. Some of the water from South Equatorial Current retroflex close to the Brazilian tip at around 5°S giving origin to the South Equatorial Counter Current that moves eastwards. The Antarctic Circumpolar Current flows from west to east around Antarctica.

Details of the system of equatorial currents, located between 5°S and 5°N is shown in [Figure 5]. This is the main system influencing the region of São Tomé and Principe and is marked by variability in time and space. The equatorial ocean responds strongly to changes in the overlying wind fields because the Coriolis parameter vanishes in the presence of density stratification. Fluctuations of current velocity in response to seasonal changes in equatorial wind stress fields are therefore mainly zonal along the equatorial wave guide. The hydrographic regime of the waters of the São Tomé and Príncipe region is primarily influenced by three major zonal currents. Two are surface currents: the Guinea Current (GC) and the northern branch of the South Equatorial Current (nSEC), and the third is subsurface: the Equatorial Undercurrent (EUC) [Figure 5]. The nSEC is separated from the GC by the northern tropical convergence along 3°N. The Guinea Current is mainly supplied by the North Equatorial Countercurrent (NECC) in July, and a southern branch of the Canary Current (sCC) in January [11]. The current moves eastward along the African coast from Senegal spilling into the Bay of Biafra, where the STP archipelago is located. The Guinea Current is not very deep on average, extending from the surface to 15 m near the coast and to 25 m offshore. The GC flows east at depths of around 20−50 m at about 3° − 5°N (São Tomé and Príncipe are located around 0° and 2°N) and exhibits seasonally varying velocities ranging from 0.2 to 0.6 m s−1. At the Bay of Biafra, and due to the barrier presented by the African continental mass, a part of the water retroflects. The Equatorial Undercurrent (EUC) is a strong subsurface current that crosses west to east the entire Atlantic at the equator level and slopes progressively upward to the east. The EUC is a permanent, stable current, originated in the western part of the Atlantic Ocean, in northern Brazil. The Coriolis force (the Coriolis parameter becomes very small, going to zero at the equator) keeps the EUC centred close to the equator. The EUC has a width of around 200 km, a thickness of 150 m and maximum speed within the core of up to 0.5−1.25 m s−1. This current is present at a depth of 50 to 125 m along the entire equator and feeds surface currents off the African coast. It is clearly visible with a core at about 100 m depth associated with maxima in salinity and oxygen and temperatures around 20°C, which is about 5°C cooler than the surface waters in the equatorial region. During its way to the east the flow shallows and weakens. A numerical study by [13] indicate that in the Gulf of Guinea the remainder of the EUC splits into two poleward branches after impinging upon the African continent at São Tomé Island thereby impacting the surface water characteristics of the southern Gulf of Guinea.

Biogeochemical settings

The Bay of Biafra is characterized by thermal stability and a strong pycnocline, with warm and low salinity waters (25°-29°C of temperature and 33-34 of salinity), the Tropical Surface Water, strongly influenced by rainfall, drainage and runoff of the Niger river [14,15] overlying high salinity Subtropical Underwater (19°-28°C, 35-36.5 salinity) [8]. The thermocline is close to the surface (20-50 m).

The year-round production is driven by two kinds of enrichment linked to the seasonal displacement of the ITCZ: 1. a cold upwelling season from July to September marked by cooling and nitrate enrichment of the surface of the water supply and 2. a predominant warm rainy season (from October to June) characterized by the existence, of a thin surface layer of warm, and low salinity water from runoff. During July to September and due to the intensification of the southeasterly trade winds [16,17] that push the ITCZ northward [18,19], the equatorial near surface mixing is intensified and there is upwelling of cooler waters and nitrate enrichment of the surface of the water along the equator [20,21]. The surface extension of the upwelled waters is limited to the north by a thermal front where they plunge under the less salty waters of the Gulf of Guinea creating the Equatorial Upwelling Front [22]. The intensification of the equatorial upwelling is the result of the dynamic uplifting of the thermocline (and the nutricline and associated subsurface chlorophyll maximum) in the eastern tropical Atlantic in response to the increasing easterly winds in the western Atlantic [23, 24]. During the rainy season (October to June), the thermal ridge has two layers divided by the nitracline. The upper layer’s primary production is depleted of nutrients, while the deeper layer is limited by light. Production and chlorophyll are maximum at the top of the nitracline whose level is determined by the level of the maximum vertical gradient of density that screens the diffusion of nutrient salts. During periods of upwelling, the density barrier destroys the two-layer system and most of the production is located at the surface.

Another significant oceanic consequence of the ITCZ in enhancing the regional primary productivity is the development of the Atlantic Cold Tongue (ACT) [16, 25, 26] by the action of southeasterly Trade Winds. The ACT is a large pool of locally cooler ocean surface water (down to 23°C), appearing every year in boreal spring and summer, on and slightly south of the equator and extending to approximately 20°W. This phenomenon is primarily caused by the upwelling of deep cold waters that enhance biological production by nitrate supply [27, 28]. Because it is centred slightly south of the equator it affects the ecosystem of the region, from primary production to high trophic levels [27–31].

The Tropical Atlantic Marine Biogeography

Marine bio geographers divide the biosphere into major provinces or regions by identifying unique patterns of endemism [32–34]. Each province features a particular group of species found only in certain geographic areas called areas of endemism. Provinces are defined by natural barriers that separate them [33,35–38], as well as by considering their origins and how they are interconnected [34]. According to these researchers, the tropical Atlantic reef fauna consists of four primary provinces: Brazil, the Greater Caribbean, the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, and the Eastern Atlantic. Five major barriers distinguish these provinces [33]: the first is the Atlantic Ocean, which stretches over 3,500 km; the second is the Red Sea land bridge, separating Atlantic and Indian Ocean tropical faunas; the third is the freshwater discharge from the Orinoco and Amazon rivers, spanning 2,300 km along South America’s northeast coast between Brazilian and Caribbean reefs; the fourth is the Isthmus of Panama, which splits the Caribbean and Tropical Eastern Pacific; and the fifth is the cold Benguela Current that keeps the Atlantic’s tropical reef fauna apart from the southern Indian Ocean. Those geographic and oceanographic factors act as essential barriers or filters responsible for divergence and speciation among the Atlantic’s regional faunas.

Advances on the use of remote sensing methods to estimate oceanic primary production [39-44] made possible to focus on pelagic environments. The oceans were then classified into biomes and biogeochemical provinces based on oceanographic data and global chlorophyll profiles [45-46]. This system is regarded as one of the most thorough ways to categorize pelagic life, although its usefulness is limited when applied to the complex dynamics of coastal waters. According to the biogeochemical classification, São Tomé and Príncipe islands lie at the intersection of the Eastern Tropical Atlantic Province (ETRA) within the Atlantic Trade Wind Biome and the Guinea Current Coastal Province (GUIN) in the Atlantic Coastal Biome [46]. The author of this classification specifies that the series of smaller islands stretching from Annobón to Fernando Pó, which include São Tomé and Príncipe, in the Bay of Biafra are considered part of the ETRA province [46].

An ecosystem-based approach to managing marine fisheries has been recommended by various researchers [47–53]. This approach stresses the importance of using well-defined, place-specific ecosystem units for evaluating and managing marine environments. One practical example is the Large Marine Ecosystem (LME) strategy, developed over several years by experts and presented in several books and chapters [54–56]. LMEs are defined as large areas - typically at least 200,000 km² - that have distinct bathymetry, hydrography, productivity, and interconnected populations (www.lme.noaa.gov/Portal/). Those LMEs provide a framework for addressing transboundary management challenges related to fisheries, pollution, habitat restoration, productivity, socioeconomic concerns, and governance. The system mainly focuses on coastal and shelf seas, as well as adjacent ocean regions, with an emphasis on biological productivity and oceanographic processes. Within the framework referred in [54-56], São Tomé and Príncipe integrates the Guinea Current Large Marine Ecosystem (GCLME), one of the Large Marine Ecosystem (LME) of the world’s oceans [57] and is in the subsystem of the Eastern Gulf of Guinea. However, this is a classification used to distinguish regions of ocean space encompassing coastal areas out to the seaward boundary of continental shelves, and the outer margins of coastal current systems and the islands of São Tomé and Príncipe are mostly oceanic.

From a biogeographical standpoint, São Tomé and Príncipe is part of the Gulf of Guinea Islands Ecoregion, within the Gulf of Guinea Province according to the Marine Ecoregion of the World (MEOW) system [58]. This region has a relatively uniform species mix that stands out from neighbouring systems. The types of species found here are influenced by just a few ecosystems or unique oceanographic and topographic features. Although these islands cover a small area, they offer a remarkable variety of habitats, including subtidal rocky reefs, rhodolite beds, marginal coral groups, and soft-bottom communities. Extensive information exists regarding species biodiversity, yet there is limited understanding of the environmental conditions that support their thriving populations.

Marine Biological Diversity of São Tomé and Principe

Research into marine biodiversity on the islands of the the Gulf of Guinea began in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries [Figure 6], with naturalists Balthazar Osório and António Nobre concentrating on fish, crustaceans, and gastropods, while José Vicente Barbosa du Bocage focused on birds. After almost forty years of very low activity, research resumed in the 1960s but it was only in the nineties that interest exploded. Since then, many studies and expeditions have taken place on São Tomé and Príncipe.

Numerous monographs and field guides have been published that explore marine biodiversity on the islands of São Tomé and Príncipe. Publicaly available information on marine biodiversity, highlighting its value for ongoing research and conservation initiatives is presented in [59]. This document acts as a catalogue of marine species present on São Tomé and Príncipe but does not cover their ecology or biology. Such works are crucial for systematically understanding and analysing the diversity and distribution of marine life at a national level.

A phylogeographer review analyzing warm-water reef-fish genera in the Atlantic, providing insights into patterns of species distribution and relationships within the Tropical Atlantic fauna is found in [60]. The authors conducted analysis utilizing a presence/absence species distribution database to elucidate the relationships among the West Atlantic and the East Atlantic Provinces. Based on their analysis, São Tomé and Príncipe belong to the Tropical Eastern Atlantic Province (TEA) and within TEA the archipelago belongs to a subgroup that involves also the islands of Cape Verde [Figure 7]. According to their results there was 92 reef fish species shared between the Cape Verde islands and São Tomé making up roughly 95% of the shallow-water TEA fish population. The other TEA subgroup corresponded to the coastal regions of tropical West Africa (North and Tropical) that shared 90% of the population.

The TEA province is separated from the western side provinces of the Atlantic from a barrier that is the > 3500-km wide Atlantic itself and from the southern Indian Ocean by the cold Benguela Current [Figure 8]. These two geographic and oceanographic features are regarded as the primary barriers or filters producing divergences and speciation among the regional faunas of the Atlantic. There were 105 reef fish species shared between the Caribbean at NWA and Tropical Eastern Atlantic (TEA)-making up roughly 27% of the shallow-water TEA fish population. Similarly, 107 reef fish species from the Brazilian (SWA) province are found in the TEA while only 38 are shared with eastern South Africa. Most trans-Atlantic species inhabit both CA and BR areas, amounting to 112 species [60]. This distribution signifies continuing connections among the Atlantic’s warm regions

[61] or suggests recent migrations within the Atlantic basin [62]. Phylogenetic evidence primarily points to these migratory events occurring from west to east [60, 63, 64]. Although the Caribbean has played a major role in shaping warm-region biodiversity, the tropical Atlantic continues to acquire new species from other regions.

A more recent study offered an updated taxonomic checklist of marine fish-including coastal, offshore, and deep-water species-in São Tomé and Príncipe (and Annobón), along with a summary of marine ecosystems, biogeography, fish evolution, and conservation [65]. These authors refer that most fish species documented from São Tomé and Príncipe are also found throughout other regions of the Gulf of Guinea, with only a limited number of species being endemic to the islands. The low level of marine endemism - just 3% for fishes [66], has been attributed to the high degree of oceanographic connectivity with the African coast. However, the studies cited in support of this statement referred to connectivity with the Tropical Western Atlantic rather than the eastern Atlantic [67].

Conclusions

The geographic location and topography of shelf of the oceanic islands of São Tomé and Principe, in the Gulf of Biafra, strongly determine its climate, oceanic circulation and ultimately its marine biodiversity. The climate is controlled by the seasonal displacement of the ITCZ that also controls the year-round oceanic biological production with two seasons: a cold upwelling season from July to September marked by cooling and nitrate enrichment of the surface waters and a predominant warm rainy season (from October to June) characterized by nutrients input by runoff. Another significant oceanic consequence of the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) in the enhancement of the regional primary productivity, is the development of the Atlantic Cold Tongue (ACT), a large pool of locally cooler ocean surface water (down to 23°C), appearing every year in boreal spring and summer, on and south of the equator.

Despite being geographically isolated, these islands have a low level of marine endemism. Many shallow-water marine fish and invertebrates found here are also present in Cape Verde Islands and the Tropical Western Atlantic. A credible explanation for this phenomenon involves species migration/colonization facilitated by the zonal easterly and westerly flowing Equatorial currents. The Guinea Current is mainly supplied by the North Equatorial Counter Current (NECC) in July, and a southern branch of the Canary Current (sCC) in February [68] which easily explains the faunistic similarities with Cape Verde. The Guinea Current moves eastward along the African coast from Senegal pilling into the Gulf of Biafra, where the São Tomé and Príncipe archipelago is located. The pattern of oceanic circulation provides also substantial support for the trans- Atlantic transport of planktonic larvae, particularly via the Equatorial Undercurrent. Furthermore, planktonic productivity is enhanced by Equatorial upwelling, which mitigates larval starvation during transit.

The described pattern of colonization supports the Marine Centres of Speciation model proposed by [69], where biodiversity hotspots, such as the Caribbean Sea, function both as sources and recipients of new species, facilitating a mutual exchange referred to as biodiversity feedback. Due to the geographic position the Principe Island, closer to the African continent, is probable that the faunistic and floristic composition will be slightly different from São Tomé with the Principe Island hosting more coastal species than São Tomé [70].

From a marine biogeographic perspective, the review indicates that the marine biodiversity of São Tomé and Príncipe is part of the Eastern Tropical Atlantic Islands sub-province within the Eastern Tropical Atlantic province.

Acknowledgements

The authors acknowledge Projeto de Apoio à Comercialização, Marketing, Produtividade Agrícola e Nutrição (COMPRAN), co- funded by the International Fund for Agricultural Development and the Ministério do Plano, Finanças e Economia Azul da República Democrática de São Tomé e Príncipe. They also acknowledge António Jorge da Silva for critical reviews of previous drafts of the manuscript that help to shape the actual version.

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48. Pitcher T (2001) Fisheries managed to rebuild ecosystems? Reconstructing the past to salvage the future. Ecological 11: 601-617.
49. Stergiou K (2002) Overfishing, tropicalization of fish stocks, uncertainty and ecosystem management: resharpening Ockham’s Fisheries Research. 55, 1-9.
50. Garcia M, Zerbi A, Aliaume C, Do Chi T (2003) The ecosystem approach to FAO Fisheries Technical Paper No. 443.
51. Sainsbury K, Sumaila U (2003) Incorporating ecosystem objectives into management of sustainable marine fisheries, including best practice reference points and use of marine protected areas. In: Sinclair M, Valdimarsson G (eds) Responsible fisheries in the marine Rome and Wallingford: FAO and CABI Publishing. 343–361.
52. Browman H, Stergiou K (2004) Perspectives on ecosystem-based approaches to the management of marine resources. Marine Ecology Progress Series. 274: 269–303.
53. Pikitch E, Santora C, Babcock E, Bakun A (2004) Ecosystem-based fishery Science. 305: 346–347.
54. Sherman K, Alexander L (1989) Biomass yields and geography of large marine ecosystems. AAAS Selected Symposium 111. Westview Press.
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56. Sherman K, Sissenwine M, Christensen V, Duda A (2005) A global movement toward an ecosystem approach to management of marine Marine Ecology Progress Series, 300:275-279.
57. UNDP (2013) Towards ecosystem-based management of the Guinea Current Large Marine Copyright © United Nations Development Programme.
58. Spalding M, Fox H, Allen G, Davidson N (2007) Marine ecoregions of the world: a bioregionalization of coastal and shelf areas. BioScience. 573–583.
59. Azevedo e Silva J, Cravo M, da Rocha N, Murray K, Madruga L, et (2023) Inventário da biodiversidade marinha e coastal de São Tomé e Príncipe.
60. Floeter S, Rocha L, Robertson DR, Joyeux JC (2008) Atlantic reef fish biogeography and evolution. Journal of Biogeography. 35: 22–47.
61. Bowen BW, Bass AL, Muss AJ, Carlin J (2006) Phylogeography of two Atlantic squirrelfishes (family Holocentridae): exploring pelagic larval duration and population connectivity. Marine Biology. 149(4):899-913
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66. Hachich N, Bonsall M, Arraut E, Barneche D (2015) Island biogeography: patterns of marine shallow-water organisms in the Atlantic Journal of Biogeography. 42 (10), 1871–1882.
67. Wirtz P (2003) New records of marine invertebrates from São Tomé Island. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 83(4), 735-736.
68. Schneider W (1990) FAO species identification sheets for fishery purposes: field guide to the commercial marine resources of the Gulf of Rome.
69. Briggs JC (2003) Marine centres of origin as evolutionary Journal of Biogeography, 30 (1) 1–18.
70. Gaspar RL, Vangente A (2003) A gestão integrada de águas subterrâneas e águas superficiais. In: 6º Simpósio de Hidráulica e Recursos Hídricos dos Países de Língua Oficial Portuguesa. Cabo Verde; 643–645.

ANNEX I

RESEARCH ON MARINE BIODIVERSITY AROUND SÃO TOMÉ AND PRÍNCIPE

This list contains documents that help deepen understanding of marine biodiversity and habitats in São Tomé and Príncipe, spanning from 1551 to today. It includes references to scientific articles, brief notes in journals, reports published by national and international organisations, books, species identification guides, conference presentations, as well as expedition and research cruise reports conducted locally. Alongside these resources, a database has been created to compile all available information, aiming to make it accessible to individuals and groups interested in furthering work related to these subjects.

GENERAL

1. Afonso, P., Morato, T., Santos, R.S., 2016. Marine biodiversity of oceanic islands: The São Tomé and Príncipe case study. Marine Ecology, 37(2): 173–186
2. Albuquerque C., Cesarini D., Tagliabue L.C., 2009. Plano de Manejo do Parque Nacional Obô de São Tomé. ECOFAC IV, São Tomé, São Tomé e Príncipe, 117 pp
3. Albuquerque, C., Cesarini, D., 2014 Plano de Manejo do Parque Natural Príncipe. 2009-2014. ECOFAC IV, São Tomé, São Tomé e Príncipe 146 pp.
4. Barns, A., 1928. In Portuguese West Africa: Angola and the isles of the Guinea Gulf. Geographical Journal, 72:18-37

5. Bento, M., Niza, H., Cartaxana, A., Bandeira, S., Paula, J., Correia, A.M. 2023. A Dataset of Marine Macroinvertebrate Diversity from Mozambique and São Tomé and Príncipe. Data, 8:76. https://doi.org/10.3390/data8050076
6. Bento, M., Niza, H., Cartaxana, A., Bandeira, S., Paula, J., Correia, A.M., 2023. Mind the Gaps: Taxonomic, Geographic and Temporal Data of Marine Invertebrate Databases from Mozambique and São Tomé and Príncipe. Diversity 2023, 15, 70. https://doi.org/10.3390/d15010070
7. Board, E., 2021. World Register of Marine Species.
8. Bocage, V.B., 1889. Breves considerações sobre a fauna de São Thomé. Jornal de Sciências Mathematicas, Physicas e Naturaes, 1(1):33-36
9. Bocage, J.V.B., 1903. Contribution à la faune des quatre îles du Golfe de Guinée. Jornal de Sciências Mathematicas, Physicas e Naturaes, (2)7:25–59
10. Bocage, V.B., 1903. Contributions à la faune des quatre îles du Golfe de Guinée. I. Ile de Anno Bom. Jornal de Sciências Mathematicas, Physicas e Naturaes,7: 54-59
11. Bocage, J.V.B., 1903. Contributions à la faune des quatre îles du Golfe de Guinée. IV. Ile de St. Thomé. Jornal de Sciências Mathematicas, Physicas e Naturaes, 7: 65-96
12. Bowen, W., Rocha, L.A., Toonen, R.J., Karl, S.A., 2013. The origins of tropical marine biodiversity. Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 28 (6), 359–366. doi:10.1016/j.tree.2013.01.018
13. Briggs, C., 2003. Marine centres of origin as evolutionary engines. Journal of Biogeography, 30: 1–18
14. Briggs, C., Bowen, B.W., 2012. Marine biogeographic provinces: a realignment with reference to fish distributions.

Journal of Biogeography, 39: 12–30

15. Briggs, J.C., Bowen, B.W., 2013. Marine shelf habitat: biogeography and evolution. Journal of Biogeography, 40 (6):1023-1035
16. Brito, B.R., 2021. Conserving marine life in São Tomé and Príncipe: Concerted actions with Agenda 2030. In: W. Leal Filho et al. (eds.), Life Below Water, Encyclopedia of the UN Sustainable Development Goals, 1-16 pp. Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021

17. Buhl-Mortensen, L., Buhl-Mortensen, P., Dolan, M.J.F., Gonzalez-Mirelis, G., 2015. Habitat mapping as a tool for conservation and sustainable use of marine resources: Some perspectives from the MAREANO Programme, Norway. Journal of Sea Research, 100: 46-61
18. Buhl-Mortensen, L., Myhr, A.I., Wellin, S., 2005. Carbon sequestration, the precautionary approach and the responsibility of scientists. Water Science and Technology, 6: 205-212
19. Buhl-Mortensen, L., Vanreusel, A., Gooday, A.J., Levin, L., G. Priede, I.G., Buhl-Mortensen, P., Gheerardyn, H., King, N.J., Raes, M., 2010. Biological structures as a source of habitat heterogeneity and biodiversity on the deep ocean margins. 2009 Marine Ecology, 31: 21-50
20. Carpenter, K.E., De Angelis, N., (Eds),2014. The living marine resources of the Eastern Central Atlantic. Volume 1: Introduction, crustaceans, chitons, and cephalopods. FAO Species Identification Guide for Fishery Purposes, Rome, FAO. pp. 1–663
21. Carpenter, K.E., De Angelis, N., (Eds), 2016. The living marine resources of the Eastern Central Atlantic. Volume 3: Bony Fishes Part 1 (Elopiformes to Scorpaeniformes). FAO Species Identification Guide for Fishery Purposes, Rome, FAO. pp. 1511–2350, 2343–3124.
22. Carpenter, K.E., De Angelis, N., (Eds), 2016. The living marine resources of the Eastern Central Atlantic. Volume 4: Bony fishes part 2 (Perciformes to Tetradontiformes) and Sea turtles. FAO Species Identification Guide for Fishery Purposes, Rome, FAO. pp. 2343–3124
23. Carpenter, K.E., De Angelis, N., (Eds), 2016. The living marine resources of the Eastern Central Atlantic. Volume 2: Bivalves, gastropods, hagfishes, sharks, batoid fishes, and chimaeras. FAO Species Identification Guide for Fishery Purposes, Rome, FAO. pp. 665–1509
24. Coelho, M.T., Barreto, E., Rangel, T.F., Diniz-Filho, F.A.F., Wüest, R.O., Bach, W., Skeels, A., McFadden, I.R., Roberts, D.W., Pellissier, L., Zimmermann, N.E., Graham, C.H., 2023. The geography of climate and the global patterns of species diversity. Nature, 622: 537-544
25. Fea, 1902. S. Thomé. Ricordi ed impressioni. Bolletino della Società Geografica Italiana fasc. I, 22 pp.
26. Floeter, R., Rocha, L. A., Robertson, D. R., Joyeux, J. C., Smith-Vaniz, W. F., Wirtz, P., Edwards, A. J., Barreiros,
27. P., Ferreira, C. E. L., Gasparini, J. L., Brito, A., Falcón, J. M., Bowen, B. W., Bernardi G., 2008. Atlantic reef fish biogeography and evolution. Journal of Biogeography, 35: 22–47
28. Floeter, S.R., Ferreira, C.E. L., Rocha, , Solé-Cava, A., Wirtz, P., Sampaio C., Gasparini, J.L.,Gascoigne, A., 2017. The evolution and ecology of a poorly known Atlantic biodiversity hotspot. Research Report Grant #7937-05, National Geographic Committee for Research and Exploration, 12 pp.
29. Freitas, R., Menezes, G.M., Prieto, R., Silva, M.A. (2019). Insular marine biodiversity: Patterns and conservation challenges. Frontiers in Marine Science, 6: 124
30. Froese, , Pauly., D. 2022. FishBase. World Wide Web electronic publication www.fishbase.org
31. Garcia, F.J., Bertcsch, H., 2009 Diversity and distribution of the Gastropoda Opisthobranchia from the Atlantic Ocean: A global biogeographic approach. Scientia Marina, 73(1): 153-160
32. Girard, A. 1895. Les explorations zoologiques des Portugais dans les iles du Golfe de Guiné. Portugal em Africa, 2 (19): 809-824

32. Greathead, G., Magni, P., Vanaverbeke, J., Buhl-Mortensen, L., Janas, U., Blomqvist, M., Craeymeersch, J., Dannheim, J., Darr, A., Degraer, S., Desroy, N., Donnay, A., Griffiths, Y., Guala, I., Guerin, L., Hinchen, H., Labrune, , Reiss, H., Van Hoey, G. Birchenough, S.N.R. 2020. –– A generic framework to assess the representation and protection of benthic ecosystems in European marine protected areas. Aquatic conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems, 30(7):1253-1275
33. Hachich, N. F., Bonsall, M.B., Arraut, E.M., Barneche, D.R., Leqinsohn, T.M., Floeter, S.R., 2015. Island biogeography: Patterns of marine shallow-water organisms in the Atlantic Ocean. Journal of Biogeography, 42: 1871–1882

34. Henning Reiss, Silvana Birchenough, Angel Borja, Lene Buhl-Mortensen, Johan Craeymeersch, Jennifer Dannheim, Alexander Darr, Ibon Galparsoro, Mayya Gogina, Hermann Neumann, Jacques Populus, Anna M. Rengstorf, Mireia Valle, Gert van Hoey, Michael L. Zettler, Steven Degraer, 2015. Benthos distribution modelling and its relevance for marine ecosystem management. ICES Journal of Marine Science, 72: 297-315
35. Henriques, J.A. 1917. A ilha de São Thomé sob o ponto da vista histórico-natural e agrícola. Boletim da Sociedade Broteriana, 27: 1-197
36. Hofer, , 1991. Die Tierwelt von São Tomé. Privately published, Berne, 24 pp.
37. Jones, J., 1994. Biodiversity in the Gulf of Guinea: an overview. Biodiversity and Conservation, 3(9): 772-784.
38. Juste, J., Fa, J.E., 1994. Biodiversity conservation in the Gulf of Guinea: taking stock and preparing action.

Biodiversity and Conservation, 3(9): 759-771

39. Karstadt, J.-O., Bagøien, E., 2016. Recruitment studies in the coastal waters of Gabon, Republic of Congo, and Angola in 2014 and 2016.
40. Katsanevakis, S., Smit, W., Pipitone, C., Leopold, M., Cronin, M., Scheidat, M., Doyle, T. K., Buhl-Mortensen, L., Buhl-Mortensen, P., D'Anna, G., Boois, I. de, Dalpadado, P., Damalas, D., Fiorentino, F., Garofalo, G., Giacalone, V.M, Hawley, K., Issaris, Y., Jansen, J., Rosten, C., Knittweis, L, Kröncke, I., Mirto, S., Muxika, I., Reiss, H, Skjoldal, H.R., Vöge, S., 2012. Monitoring marine populations and communities: methods dealing with imperfect detectability. Aquatic Biology, 16: 31-52
41. Krakstad, J-O., Bagøien, E., Ensrud, T.M., Lewmbe, J.deD. Samba, J., Andre, A.M., 2014. Recruitment studies on Sardinella aurita and maderensis in the coastal waters of Gabon, Congo and Northern Angola 24. May - 14. June 2014
42. Krakstad, J-O., Skagseth, Ø., Bagøien, E., Ensrud, T.M., Lewembe, J.deD., Samba, J., Nsaku, D., 2016. Recruitment studies on Sardinella, Sardinella aurita and maderensis, in the coastal waters of Gabon and Republic of the Congo
43. Longhurst, , 1998. Ecological Geography of the Sea. Academic Press, San Diego, CA.
44. Maia, A., Morais, R.A., Siqueira, A.C., Hanazaki, N., Floeter, S.R., Bender, M.G., 2018. Shifting baselines among traditional fishers in São Tomé and Príncipe islands, Gulf of Guinea. Ocean Coastal Management, 154: 133–142
45. Niza, H., Bento, M., Lopes, L.F., Cartaxana, A., Correia, A.M., 2021. A picture is worth a thousand words: using digital tools to visualise marine invertebrate diversity data along the coasts of Mozambique and São Tomé & Príncipe. Biodiversity Data Journal, 9: e68817, doi: 10.3897/BDJ.9.e68817
46. Pina, A.A., Prazeres, M.J., Leal, A., Ramos, A., Bird, T., Benitez, L., Costa, E., Matos, L., 2022, Parque Natural do Príncipe (PNP) - Plano de Manejo 2022-2026. 104 pp. DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.11.20322
47. Polidoro, B., Ralph, G.M., Strongin, K., Harvey, M., Carpenter, K.E., Adeofe, T.E., Arnold, R., Bannerman, P., Bi Nguema, J.N.B., Buchanan, J.R., Camara, K.M.A., Camara, Y.H., Cissoko, K., Collette, B.B., Comeros-Raynal, T., De Bruyne, G., Diouf, M., Djiman, R., Ducrocq, M., Gon, O. Harold, A.S., Harwell, H., Hilton-Taylor, C., Hines, A., Hulley, P.A., Iwamoto, T., Knudsen, S., Lewembe, J.D.D., Linardich, C., Lindeman, K., Mbye, E.M., Mikolo, J.E., Monteiro, V., Mougoussi, J.B., Munroe, T., Beh, J.H.M., Nunoo, F.K.E., Pollock, C., Poss, S., Quartey, R., Russell, B., Sagna, A., Sayer, C., Sidibe, A., Smith-Vaniz, W., Stump, E., Sylla, M., Tito De Morais, L., Vié, J.- C., Williams, A., 2016. Red List of Marine Bony Fishes of the Eastern Central Atlantic. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN. viii + 80 pp.

48. República Democrática de São Tomé e Príncipe, 2022. Plano de Manejo do Parque Natural Obô de São Tomé, 2021-
49. República Democrática de São Tomé e Príncipe, Plano de Manejo do Parque Natural do Príncipe, 2022-2026
50. Rupert, E. E., Fox, R. S., Barnes, R. D., 2004. Invertebrate Zoology: A Functional Evolutionary Approach. . Thomson Brooks/Cole, 1008 pp.
51. Sequeira , 1907. Adolfo Frederico Moller. Portugal em Africa, 14(167):528-529

52. Silva, J.D., 1940. Francisco Newton. Explorador naturalista. "Coleção pelo Império" nº.68, Agência Geral das Colónias, Ministério das Colónias, Lisboa, 41 pp.
53. Spalding, M.D., Fox, H.E., Allen, G.R., Davidson, N., Ferdaña, Z.A., Finlayson, M., Halpern, B.S., Jorge, M.A., Lombana, A., Lourie, S. A., Martin, K.D., Mcmanus, E., Molnar, J., Recchia, C. A., Robertson, J., 2007. Marine Ecoregions of the World: A Bioregionalization of Coastal and Shelf Areas. BioScience, 57(7) : 573-583
54. Tams, H.T., 1933-4. A visit to the islands in the Gulf of Guinea. Natural History Magazine, 4(28-30): 126-218.
55. Tams, W.H.T., 1934. The Percy Sladen and Godman Trusts Expedition to the Islands in the Gulf of Guinea, October 1932-March 1933. - I. Introduction. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, series 10 14(80):213-219.
56. Tenreiro, , 1961. A ilha de São Tomé. Memórias da Junta de Investigações do Ultramar, 2ª Série 24:1–289
57. Tittensor, P., Mora, C., Jetz, W., Lotze, H. K., Ricard, D., Berghe, E. V., Worm, B., 2010. Global patterns and predictors of marine biodiversity across taxa. Nature, 466: 1098–1101
58. Vaz, , 2017. O enigma de São Tomé e Príncipe, ou um segredo por revelar. National Geographic Portugal https://nationalgeographic.pt/natureza/grandes-reportagens/1267-o-enigma-de-sao-tome-e-principe-ou-um-segredo-por-revelar
59. Wirtz, , 2001. New records of marine invertebrates from the Cape Verde Islands. Arquipélago Life and Marine Sciences, 18A: 81-84
60. Wirtz, , 2003. New records of marine invertebrates from São Tomé Island. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the UK, 83: 735–736
61. Wirtz, , 2009. Expedition to São Tomé. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the UK, Global Marine Environment: 26-28
62. Wirtz, , 2018. New records of marine invertebrates from São Tomé and Príncipe, eastern Atlantic Ocean.

Arquipélago Life and Marine Sciences, 35:41–46

63. Worms, J., 1996. From subsistence to Commerce: Fisheries in São Tomé e Príncipe. Gulf of Guinea Conservation Newsletter, 6:3-4

MISCELLANEOUS REPORTS

1. Airuad, , 2021. Relatório da 9ª missão de Assistência técnica em cogestão das pescas e AMP em São Tomé e Príncipe.
2. Albuquerque C., Cesarini D., Tagliabue L.C., 2009. Plano de Gestão do Parque Natural Obô de São Tomé. ECOFAC IV, São Tomé, São Tomé e Príncipe, 109 pp.
3. Barrencua, , 2016. Coordinator, S. & Haroun, R. BIO-Príncipe Scientific EXPEDITION – Final Report.
4. Bollen, A., 2017. Compilation marine work, marine and coastal species and ecosystems of Príncipe. Fauna & Flora International, Fundação Príncipe, Santo António, 26 pp.
5. Carneiro, G., 2011. ‘They come, they fish, and they go’: EC fisheries agreements with Cape Verde and São Tomé e Príncipe. Marine Fisheries Review, 73: 1–25
6. De Labra, , Vilela López, B., Prieto Porriños, G., Blanc, P.P., Vasta, A., Anibal, O., 2023. The coastal pelagic value chain in São Tomé and Príncipe: Summary report. Rome, FAO.
7. Direção das Pescas, 2015. Relatório do Estudo de Seguimento de Espécies Demersais da Zona Costeira de S. Tomé e Príncipe.
8. Direção Geral do Ambiente, 2014(?). Estratégia Nacional e Plano de Acção para a Biodiversidade 2015-2020 (ENPAB II). 119 pp.
9. Dontaine, -F., Neves, O., 1999. Le projet Tato à Sao Tomé. Canopée Supplément, Ndiva 13:1–4
10. Ferreira-Airaud, B., Vieira, S., Henriques, N.S., Airaud, F., 2021. Relatório de realização do mapeamento submarino do distrito de Lobata, São Tomé. São Tomé e Príncipe, Programa Tatô and Marapa, São Tomé, 7 pp.

11. First National Communication on Climate/National Strategy on Climate Change – São Tomé & Principe. National Strategy for the Implementation of the United Nations Framework. 88 pp.
12. Frade, , 1955. Missão científica de São Tomé. Relatório dos trabalhos de prospecção realizados na província de São Tomé e Príncipe pela secção zoológica da missão. Centro de Zoologia da Junta de Investigações do Ultramar, Lisbon, 19 pp.
13. Gascoigne, A., 1993. A bibliography of the fauna of the islands of São Tomé e Príncipe and the island of Annobon (Gulf of Guinea). Arquipélago. Life and Marine Sciences, 11A: 91-105.
14. Gascoigne, A., 1995. A Lista Vermelha de Animais ameaçados de São Tomé e Príncipe. ECOFAC Composante de São Tomé e Príncipe. 15 pp.
15. Gascoigne, A.,1996. Additions to a bibliography of the fauna of São Tomé e Principe and the island of Annobon, Gulf of Guinea. Addendum. Arquipélago-Life and Marine Sciences, 14A: 95-103. Ponta Delgada. ISSN 0873-4704.
16. Giardino, A., de Keizer, O. and Schellekens, J., 2011. São Tomé and Principe: Adaptation to Climate Change. Climate variability and hydrogeomorphological study. Technical Report. pp 44.
17. Harrison, M.J.S., Steele, P., 1989. ICPB/EEC Forest Conservation Mission to São Tomé, Príncipe January-March 1989: Report on Conservation Education and Training. International Council for Bird Preservation, 13 pp.
18. Horemans, B., Gallène, J., Njock, J, -C., 1994. Revista sectorial da pesca artesanal a São Tomé e Príncipe, Relatório técnico 55. Programa de Desenvolvimento Integrado das Pescas Artesanais na Africa Ocidental (DIPA), FAO. http://www.fao.org/3/an097PT/an097PT.pdf
19. Ministério da Agricultura e Pescas, 1992. A natureza de São Tomé e Príncipe. Comissão de Coordenação Florestal, República Democrática de São Tomé e Príncipe. 12 pp.
20. Ministério de Recursos Naturais e Meio Ambiente, 2005(?). Primeiro Relatório Nacional da 30 p.
21. Oceanic Developpement, Poseidon Aquatic Resource Management Ltd and MegaPesca Lda, 2004. Framework contract for performing evaluations, Impact Analyses and Monitoring Services in the context of Fisheries Partnership Agreements concluded between the Community and Non-Member coastal states. Sao Tome and Principe. Re. Ares 2011, European Commission, Concarneau, France. 126 pp.
22. Omali Vida Nón, Sumário de atividades de projeto e resultados preliminares
23. Pikitch, E., Doukakis, P., 2005. Recommendations for fisheries reform for São Tomé and Príncipe. Pew Institute for Ocean Science, Washington, D.C. 14 pp.
24. Pisoni, et al. 2015. Relatório Final – Caracterização biofísica e socioeconómica. Planos de gestão participativa para dois sítios de mangal na Ilha de S. Tomé: Praia das Conchas e Malanza.
25. Porriños, G., 2019. Mapping Principe’s fish biodiversity using Baited Remote Underwater Video. Relatório do projecto Omali Vida Nón (Julho 2016 – Março 2019) https://omaliprincipeen.weebly.com/uploads/2/5/6/2/25623460/bruvs_report.pdf
26. Porriños, G., 2019. Reproductive biology of the Golden African Snapper Lutjanus fulgens in Principe Island. Relatório do projecto Omali Vida Nón (Julho 2016 – Março 2019) https://omaliprincipeen.weebly.com/uploads/2/5/6/2/25623460/principe_gonads_report.pdf
27. Porriños, G., Lopes Cravid, M., Vilela López, B., 2023. Recenseamento do setor da pesca artesanal e semi-industrial de São Tomé e Príncipe. Roma, FAO.
28. Santos, A. 2017. Caracterização das pescarias ativas na zona sul de São Tomé. Relatório do projeto Kike da Mungu. MARAPA, DP, FAPP, São Tomé
29. São Tomé e Príncipe, 1999. 1999 Plano Nacional de Ambiente para o Desenvolvimento Durável PNADD, Ministério dos recursos Naturais e Ambiente.
30. São Tomé e Príncipe, Relatório nacional de avaliação da estratégia de implementação das Maurícias
31. São Tomé e Príncipe, Relatório de Vulnerabilidade e Adaptação em Zonas Costeiras [Impactos para 2050- 2060]. United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change UNFCCC)

32. São Tomé e Principe, National Determined Contributions (NPD-STP) Updated. 15 pp.
33. Secrétariat de la Convention sur la diversité biologique (2020). Aires marines d’importance écologique ou biologique (AIEB). Endroits spéciaux des océans du monde. Volume 6: L’océan Atlantique Sud-Est. Montréal: 108 pp.
34. Silva, J.A., Cravo, M., Rocha, N., Murray, K., Madruga, L., Navas. M., 2023. Inventário da biodiversidade marinha e costeira de São Tomé e Príncipe. https://drive.google.com/file/d/1RfkDTeAe7zWveLDROviVZF2agStmbOa0/view
35. Tous, 2015. Consulta para a avaliação dos recursos de peixes demersais. Projeto de Abordagem Ecosistémica Integrada para a Conservação e a Gestão da Biodiversidade em São Tomé e Príncipe (FIDA/PAPAFPA/GEF) 58 pp.
36. UNDP, Towards Ecosystem-based Management of the Guinea Current Large Marine Ecosystem. 36 pp.
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RESEARCH CRUISE REPORTS

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2. Austin, T.S., 1973. Introduction ICITA-EQUALANT Cruises. Bruun memorial lectures. Presented at the eight session of the IOC Assembly Unesco, Paris, 5-17 November 1973: 5-11
3. Bayer, F.M. (ed.), 1966. Dredging and trawling records of R/V John Elliott Pillsbury for 1964 and 1965. Studies in tropical Oceanography, Miami (part 1): 82-105
4. Bernardes, I.D., Krakstad, J.-O., Alvheim, O.B., Erstad, H.,e 2013. Metadata Report on Cruises conducted with R/V Dr. Fridtjof Nansen 1993 - 2011
5. DPA, 2010. Pesquisa dos recursos pesqueiros de São Tomé e Príncipe Demersais Relatório de Cruzeiro Dr. Fridtjof Nansen, 10/10-20 maio 2010
6. Emery, K.O. 1975, Review of the results from the Eastern Atlantic Continental Margin Programme of the International Decade of Ocean Exploration. Bruun memorial lectures. Presented at the eight session of the IOC Assembly Unesco, Paris, 5-17 November 1973: 52-62
7. Forest, J., 1959a. Campagne de la "Calypso" dans le Golfe de Guinée et aux Îles Príncipe, São Tomé et Annobon (1956). Résultats scientifiques de la campagne de la Calypso 5, 36 pp.
8. Forest, J., 1959b. Campagne 1956 dans le Golfe de Guinée et aux îlles Principe, Sao Tome et Annobon. I. Introduction. Annales de l' Institute océanographique, Paris NS: 374: 3-36
9. Krakstad, J.-O., Alvheim, O., Olsen, M., Isebor, C. E., 2006. Cruise Report "Dr. Fridtjof Nansen" 2005. Surveys of the Fish Resources of the Eastern Gulf of Guinea: Nigeria, Cameroon, São Tome & Principe, Gabon and Congo Survey of the pelagic and demersal resources. 4 June-15 July 2005. Institute of Marine Research, Bergen, 2006, 75
10. and VIII Annexes
11. Krakstad, -O., Alvheim, O., Sousa Lopes, J.D., Iwamoto, T., 2010. Surveys of the Fish Resources of São Tomé and Principe. Survey of the demersal resources. 10 May-20 May 2010. Institute of Marine Research, Bergen, 2010.30 pp. and V Annexes
12. Krakstad, J.-O., Alvheim, O., Zaera, D. 2008. Surveys of the Fish Resources of the Eastern Gulf of Guinea: Côte d’Ivoire, Ghana, Benin, Togo, Cameroon, São Tomé and Principe, Gabon and Congo Survey of the pelagic and demersal resources. Cruise report Nº 5/2007. 3 June-6 July 2007. Institute of Marine Research, Bergen, 2008. 75 pp. and VII Annexes
13. Krakstad, -O., Olsen, M., Isebor, C. E., Einarssson, H. A., 2004 Cruise Report "Dr. Fridtjof Nansen" 2004. Surveys of the Fish Resources of the Eastern Gulf of Guinea: Nigeria, Cameroon, São Tomé and Principe, Survey of the pelagic and demersal resources. 11 June-13 July 2004. Institute of Marine Research, Bergen, 2004, 106 pp.

13. Voss, G.L., 1966. The R/V John Elliott Pillsbury deep-sea biological expedition to the Gulf of Guinea. 1964-1965. 1 Narrative of the cruises. Studies in tropical Oceanography, Miami 4 (part 1): 1-60 pp

CLIMATE AND OCEANOGRAPHY

1. Bernardes, I.D., Krakstad, J.-O., Alvheim, O.B., Erstad, H.,e 2013. Metadata Report on Cruises conducted with R/V Dr. Fridtjof Nansen 1993 – 2011
2. Berrit, G. , 1966. -Les eaux dessalées du Golfe de Guinde. Document Scientifique Provisoire Centre Recherche Océanographique Abidjan, 9:1-20
3. Carvalho, R., Silva, M.A., Lima, F.P. (2021). Oceanographic features and biogeography of the Gulf of Guinea islands. Journal of Biogeography, 48(3): 432–448
4. Fischer, J., 2008. Circulation in the Gulf of Guinea. Diploma Thesis. Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Fakultät der Christian-Albrechts-Universit ¨at zu Kiel. 64 pp.
5. Gouriou, 1993. The environment in the eastern tropical Atlantic. In Resources, Fishing and Biology of the Tropical Tunas of the Eastern Central Atlantic, (Eds A. Fonteneau and J. Marcille.) FAO Fisheries Document Paper
6. 292. (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO):
7. Houndegnonto, O.J., Kolodziejczyk, N., Maes, C., Bourlès, B., Da-Allada, C.Y., Reul, N., 2021. Seasonal variability of freshwater plumes in the eastern Gulf of Guinea as inferred from satellite measurements. Journal of Geophysical Research: 126, e2020JC017041. https://doi.org/10.1029/2020JC017041
8. Okumura, Y., Xie, S. 2004. Interaction of the Atlantic Equatorial Cold Tongue and the African monsoon. Journal of Climate, 17 (18): 3589–3602.
9. Planton, Y., Voldoire, A., Giordani, H., Caniaux, G., 2018 Main processes of the Atlantic cold tongue interannual variability. Climate Dynamics, 2018 50:1495–1512. DOI 10.1007/s00382-017-3701-2
10. Signorini, R., Murtugudde, R. G., McClain, C. R. et al. 1999. Biological and physical signatures in the tropical and subtropical Atlantic. Journal of Geophysical Research,104: 18367–18382
11. Stramma, L., Schott, F., 1999. The mean flow field of the tropical Atlantic Ocean. Deep-Sea Research Part II, 46 (1- 2): 279–303
12. Voituriez, B. and Herbland, A. 1978. Comparison of the coastal and open ocean upwelling ecosystems of the tropical easter Atlantic. ICES. Symposium on the Canary Current Upwelling and Living Resources, nº 43. 15 pp.
13. Wacongne, , Piton, B., 1992. The near-surface circulation in the northeastern corner of the South Atlantic Ocean.

Deep-Sea Research, 39 (7/8): 1273-1298

13. Wauthy, , 1977. Révision de la classification des eaux de surface du Golfe de Guinée (Berrit 1961). Cahier O.R.S.T.O.M., Série Océanographie, 15 (3): 279-295
14. Wauthy, , 1983. Introduction à la climatologie du golfe de Guinée. Océanographie tropicale, 18(2):103-38 BIOLOGICAL PRODUCTIVITY
15. Belkin, M., Cornillon, P.C., 2007. Fronts in the World Ocean’s Large Marine Ecosystems. ICES CM 2007/D:21
16. Dessier, A, 1979. Ecologie dynamique des peuplements zooplanctoniques cotiers, et plus particulièrement des copepodes, du sud du golfe de Guinee (cotes du Congo, du Gabon et de l'Angola). Tese de Doctorat d'Etat ES- Sciences Naturelles. L'Universite Pierre et Marie Curie. 389 pp.
17. Dessier, A, Pianet, R., 1971. Répartition et abondance des oeufs et larves de Clupeidae et Engraulidae des côtes du Congo et du Gabon en 1968-69 : aperçu sur les conditions physico-chimiques et biologiques du O.R.S.T.O.M. Documents Scientifiques du Centre de Pointe·Noire. Nouvelle Série, 15: 112 pp.

4. Finenko, Z. Z., Piontkovski, S. A., Williams, R., Mishonov, A. V., 2003. Variability of phytoplankton and mesozooplankton biomass in the subtropical and tropical Atlantic Marine Ecology Progress Series, 250: 125– 144
5. Herbland, A., Le Bouteiller, A., Raimbault, P., 1987. Does the nutrient enrichment of the equatorial upwelling influence the size structure of phytoplankton in the Atlantic Ocean ?. Oceanologica Acta, 1987. Proceedings International Symposium on Equatorial Vertical Motion, Paris, 6-10 May 1985, 115-120 pp.
6. Herbland, A., Voituriez, B., 1977. Production primaire, nitrate et nitrite dans l’Atlantique tropical. Cahier O.R.S.T.O.M., Série Océanographie, 15(1):47-55
7. Herbland, A., Voituriez, B., 1979. Hydrological structure analysis for estimating the primary production in the Atlantis Ocean. Journal of Marine Research, 37: 87-101
8. Krey, J. 1973. Plankton of the tropical Atlantic. Bruun memorial lectures. Presented at the eight session of the IOC Assembly Unesco, Paris, 5-17 November 1973: 12-31 pp.
9. Le Borgne, R. 1981, Zooplankton production in the eastern tropical Atlantic: net growth and P:B in terms of carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus. Limnology and Oceanography, 32: 905–918
10. Longhurst 1995. Seasonal cycles of pelagic production and consumption. Progress in Oceanography, 36:77–167
11. Longhurst, (1993) Seasonal cooling and blooming in the tropical oceans. Deep-Sea Reearch, I, 40: 2145–2165
12. Longhurst, A.R., Harrison, W. G., 1989. The biological pump: Profiles of plankton production and consumption in the upper ocean. Progress in Oceanography, 22: 47–123
13. Monger, , McClain, C., Murtugudde, R., 1997. Seasonal phytoplankton dynamics in the eastern tropical Atlantic.

Journal of Geophysical Research, 102 (C6):12380-12411

14. Perez, , et al. (2004) Seasonal and interannual variability of chl-a and primary production in the Equatorial Atlantic: in situ and remote sensing observations. Journal of Plankton Research, 27: 189–197
15. Signorini, S. R., Murtugudde, R. G., McClain, C. R. et al. (1999) Biological and physical signatures in the tropical and subtropical Atlantic. Journal of Geophysical Research,104: 18367–18382
16. Voituriez, B., Herbland, A., 1981. Primary production in the tropical Atlantic ocean mapped from oxygen value of EQUALANT 1 and 2 (1963). Bulletin of Marine Science, 31(4): 853-863

MARINE HABITATS

1. Afonso, F. M. G. 2019. A importância dos mangais de São Tomé: perceções e serviços ecossistémicos. (Faculty of Sciences of the University of Lisbon, MSc Thesis).
2. Afonso, F., Félix, P.M., Chainho, P., Heumüller, J.A., de Lima, R.F., Ribeiro F., Brito, A.C. 2021. Assessing Ecosystem Services in Mangroves: Insights from São Tomé Island (Central Africa). Frontiers in Environmental Science, https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2021.501673
3. Airaud, F., Vieira, S., Henriques, N.S., Ferreira-Airaud, B. 2020. Relatório de realização do mapeamento submarino do distrito de Caué, São Tomé, São Tomé e Príncipe. Programa Tatô, Oikos-Cooperação e Fauna & Flora International, São Tomé, 13 pp.
4. Airuad, F., 2021.Relatório da 9a missão de Assistência técnica em cogestão das pescas e AMP em São Tomé e Príncipe.
5. Azevedo e Silva, J., 2021. Ecological characterization of the rocky shores of Príncipe Island, Gulf of Guinea. (Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, MSc Thesis).
6. Borja, , Andersen, J.H., D. Arvanitidis, C.D., Basset, A., Buhl-Mortensen, L., Carvalho, S., Dafforn, K.A., Devlin, M.J., Escobar-Briones, E.G., Grenz, C., Harder, T., Katsanevakis, S., Liu, D., Metaxas, A., Moran, X.A.G., Newton, A., Piroddi, C., Pochon, X., Queiros, A.M., Snelgrove, P.V.R., Solidoro, C., St. John, M.A., 2020. Past and Future

Grand Challenges in Marine Ecosystem Ecology. Frontiers in Environmental Science, 7 https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2020.00362

7. Brito, C., Silva, T., Beltrán, C., Chainho, P., Lima, R. F. de, 2017. Phytoplankton in two tropical mangroves of São Tomé Island (Gulf of Guinea): A contribution towards sustainable management strategies. Regional Studies in Marine Science, 9: 89–96
8. Buhl-Mortensen, L., Serigstad, B., Buhl-Mortensen, P., Olsen, M, Ostrowski, M., Blazewicz-Paszkowycz, M., Appoh, E., 2017. First observations of the structure and megafaunal community of a large Lophelia reef on the Ghanaian shelf (the Gulf of Guinea). Deep-Sea Research Part II: Tropical Studies in Oceanography, 137: 148-156
9. Buhl-Mortensen, L., Serigstad, B., Buhl-Mortensen, P., Olsen, M., Ensrud, T.M., Ostrowski, M., Blazewicz- Paszkowycz, M., Jozwiak, P., Appoh. E., 2015. 6. First observations of the structure and megafaunal community of a large Lophelia reef on the Ivorian-Ghanaian margin (the Gulf of Guinea). Deep-Sea Research Part II: Tropical Studies in Oceanography, 137: 148-156
10. Canterle, A. M., 2017. A influência da composição bentônica nas interações e diversidade de peixes recifais na ilha de Príncipe, Golfo da Guiné, África. (Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina), MSc Thesis
11. Canterle, A.M., Nunes, L.T., Fontoura, L., Maia, H.A., Floeter, S.R., 2020. Reef microhabitats mediate fish feeding intensity and agonistic interactions at Príncipe Island Biosphere Reserve, Tropical Eastern Atlantic. Marine Ecology, 41(5):e12609
12. Carpine, C., 1959. Campagne de la "Calypso" dans le golfe de Guinée el aux îles Príncipe, São Tomé, Annobon (1956). 11. Aperçu sur les peuplements littoraux. Annales d’Institut Océanographique, Paris NS, 37(4): 75-90
13. Cowburn, B., 2018. Marine Habitats of Príncipe, Eastern Tropical Atlantic—description and map. Príncipe Trust, Santo António, 18 pp Available via the Omali Vida Nón project. https://omaliprincipeen.weebly.com/resources.html.
14. Denechaud, C., Buhl-Mortensen, L., Joanny, T., Dovlo, E., Staby, A., 2022. Spatial environmental variability shapes bottom ecosystems diversity in the western Gulf of Guinea. African Journal of Marine Science, 47 (2): 191–205
15. Ecologically or Biologically Significant Marine Areas (EBSAs). https://www.cbd.int/ebsa/repository
16. Ferreira-Airaud, B., Vieira, S., Henriques, N. S., Airaud, F., 2021. Relatório de realização do Mapeamento Submarino do Distrito de Lobata.
17. Haroun, R., Herrero-Barrencua, A., Abreu, A.D., 2018. Mangrove habitats in São Tomé and Príncipe (Gulf of Guinea, Africa): conservation and management status. In: Makowski C, Finkl C (eds) Threats to mangrove forests. Coastal Research Library, vol 25. Springer, Cham, pp. 589–605
18. Herrero, H., Haroun, R., Abreu, A., 2017. Caracterización Preliminar de los Manglares de la Isla de Príncipe (São Tomé y Príncipe). IU-ECOAQUA, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria. ecoaqua.eu
19. Heumuller, J. A. et al., 2017. Diversidade e Fenologia dos Peixes como Ferramentas para Determinar a Diversidade Funcional nos Mangais da Ilha de São Tomé (São Tomé e Príncipe). In: 16º Encontro Nacional de Ecologia
20. Lœuff, P.L., von Cosel, R., 1997. Biodiversity patterns of the marine benthic fauna on the Atlantic coast of tropical Africa in relation to hydroclimatic conditions and paleogeographic events. Acta Oecologica, 19 (3): 309-321
21. Maia, H. A., 2018. Padrões Espaciais e Temporais das Comunidades Recifais nas Ilhas De São Tomé e Príncipe, Golfo de Guiné, África. PhD thesis (Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina)
22. Maia, H. A., Morais,A., Quimbayo, J.P., Dias, M.S., Sampaio,C.S.S., Horta,P.A., Ferreira, C.E.L., Floeter, S.R., 2019. Spatial patterns and drivers of fish and benthic reef communities at São Tomé Island, Tropical Eastern Atlantic. Marine Ecology, 39(6):e12520
23. McGlade, J.M., Cury, P., Koranteng, K., Hardman-Mountford, N.J., (ed), 2002. The Gulf of Guinea Large Marine Ecosystem. Environmental Forcing Sustainable Development of Marine Resources. 392 p. Sherman, K. (ed) Large Marine Ecosystems Series, Elsevier
24. Morais, R. A., Maia, H. A., 2016. Reef Sites: Lush underwater forests in mesophotic reefs of the Gulf of Guinea. In: Coral Reefs 1 (Springer, 2016). doi:10.1007/s00338–016–1523-z.

25. Otero-Ferrer, F., Tuya, F., Bosch Guerra, N.E., Herrero-Barrencua, A., Abreu, A.D., Haroun, R., 2020. Composition, structure and diversity of fish assemblages across seascape types at Príncipe, an understudied tropical island in the Gulf of Guinea (Eastern Atlantic Ocean). African Journal of Marine Science, 42(4):381–391
26. Pinheiro, H. T., Ferreira, C. E. L., Joyeux, J. C., Santos, R. G., Horta, P. A., 2011. Reef fish structure and distribution in a south-western Atlantic Ocean tropical island. Journal of Fish Biology, 79: 1984–2006
27. São Tomé e Príncipe, National report on the status of biodiversity in S. Tomé and Príncipe. 108 pp.
28. Secrétariat de la Convention sur la diversité biologique, 2020. Aires marines d’importance écologique ou biologique (AIEB). Endroits spéciaux des océans du monde. Volume 6: L’océan Atlantique Sud-Est. Montréal : 108 pp.
29. Spalding, M.D., Fox, H.E., Allen, G.R., Davidson, N., Ferdaña, Z.A., Finlayson, M., Halpern, B.S., Jorge, M.A., Lombana, A., Lourie, S. A., Martin, K.D., Mcmanus, E., Molnar, J., Recchia, C. A., Robertson, J., 2007. Marine Ecoregions of the World: A Bioregionalization of Coastal and Shelf Areas. BioScience, 57(7) : 573-583
30. Tilot, V.. King, A., 1993. A Review of the Subsystems of the Canary Current and Gulf of Guinea Large Marine Ecosystems. IUCN Marine Programme
31. Tittensor, D.P., Mora, C., Jetz, W., Lotze, H.K., Ricard, D., Berghe, E.V., Worm, B., 2010. Global patterns and predictors of marine biodiversity across taxa. Nature, 466: 1098-1101(+supplementary data)
32. Ukwe, C.N., Ibe, C.A., Alo, B.I., Yumkella, K.K., 2003. Achieving a paradigm shift in environmental and living resources management in the Gulf of Guinea: the large marine ecosystem approach. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 47(1– 6):219–225
33. Watson R., Pauly, D., Christensen, V., Froese, R., Longhurst, A., Platt, T. Sathyendranath, S., Sherman, K., O'Reilly, J., Celone, , 2003. Mapping Fisheries onto Marine Ecosystems for Regional, Oceanic and Global Integrations. In G. Hempel and K. Sherman (Ed) Large Marine Ecosystems of the World. 376-395 pp.

TAXA STUDIES

MACROALGAE AND SEAGRASSES

1. Alexandre, A., Silva, J., Ferreira, R., Paulo, D., Serrão, E.A., Santos, R., 2017. First description of seagrass distribution and abundance in São Tomé and Príncipe. Aquatic Botany, 142:48–52
2. John, D. M., Prud’homme van Reine, W. F., Lawson, G. W., Kostermans, T. B. & Price, J. H., 2004. A taxonomic and geographical catalogue of the seaweeds of the western coast of Africa and adjacent islands. Beihefte zur Nova Hedwigia 127
3. Steentoft, B. Y. M., 1967. A revision of the marine algae of São Tomé and Principe (Gulf of Guinea). Linnean Society of London Proceedings Botany Journal, 60: 99–146

PROTOZOA

1. Mangin, , 1959. Campagne de la Calypso dans le golfe de Guinée et aux îles Príncipe, São Tomé et Annobón (1956). IV. Foraminifères. Annales de l'lnstitut Oceanographique. Paris NS, 37(4): 91-114
2. Reis Moura, , 1961. Contribuição para o conhecimento dos foraminíferos das praias levantadas de São Tomé e Príncipe. Garcia de Orta, 9(4):751-758
3. Rocha, A.T., Pissara, J.B., 1963. Contribuição para o estudo mineralógico e da microfauna dos rgossolos psamiticos calcarios de São Tomé. Garcia de Orta, 11(1): 171-178
4. Serralheiro, R., 1957. Novos elementos para o conhecimento da fauna fóssil do Miocenico da ilha do Príncipe .

Garcia da Orta, 5: 287-296

5. Silva, G.H., 1956. La faune Miocene de l’Ile du Prince. Memórias e Notícias, Museu Mineralógico e Geológico da Universidade de Coimbra, 42: 29-53

6. Silva, H., 1956. O Miocenico da ilha do Príncipe. Conferência International dos Africanistas Ocidentais 6ª sessão,
7. Tomé. Comunicações, 2: 231-269
8. Silva, H., 1958. Contribuição para o conhecimento da microfauna do Miocénico marinho da Ilha do Príncipe.

Garcia de Orta, 6(3):507-510

8. Silva, G.H., 1958. Nota sobre a microfauna do Miocenio marinho da ilha do Príncipe. Memórias e Noticias. Museu Mineralógico e Geológico da Universidade de Coimbra, 45:56-60

PORIFERA

1. C., 1959. Campagne 1956 dans le Golfe de Guinée el aux Iles Principe, São Tomé et Annobon. 5. Spongiaires.

Annales de l'lnstitut Oceanographique, Paris NS, 37(4): 115-141

2. Moller, E., 1894. Esponjas de S.Thomé. Annaes das Sciencias Naturaes, 1:202-203 CNIDARIA
3. Billard, A.. 1907. Hydroides recoltes par M. Ch. Gravier a l’île de San Thomé. Bulletin du Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle. Paris, 13: 274-275
4. Boschma, H. 1961: Resultats scientifiques des campagnes de la Calypso. XVII. Campagne de le Calypso dans le golfe de Guinee et aus lies Principe, Sao Tome, Annobon (1956). 12. Stylasterina. Annales de l'lnstitut Oceanographique Paris NS, 395: 193-225
5. Carrison-Stone, D., Van Syoc, R., Williams, G., Brian Simison, W., 2013. Two new species of the gorgonian inhabiting barnacle, Conopea (Crustacea, Cirripedia, Thoracica), from the Gulf of Guinea. Zookeys, 270: 1–20
6. Cordeiro, , McFadden, C., van Ofwegen, L., Williams, G., 2021. World List of Octocorallia. Acanthogorgia hirsuta Gray, 1857. World Register of Marine Species https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=125349

5. Creed, J. C., Fenner, D., Sammarco, P.W., Cairns, S.D., Capel, K., Junqueira, A.O.R., Cruz, I.C.S., Miranda, R.J., Carlos Junior, L.A., Mantelatto, M.C., Oigman-Pszczol, S,S., 2017. The invasion of the azooxanthellate coral Tubastraea (Scleractinia: Dendrophylliidae) throughout the world: history, pathways and vectors. Biological Invasions, 19: 283–305
6. Forest, J., 1959. Campagne de la "Calypso" dans le Golfe de Guinéc ct aux i1es Príncipe, São Tomé et Annobon ( 1956). Resultats scientifiques de la campagne de la Calypso, 5: 36 pp.
7. Gravier, C., 1906. Sur les formations corallienes de l'île San Thomé (golfe de Guinée). Bulletin du Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle. Paris, 12(7):543-547
8. Grasshoff, M., 1988. The Genus Leptogorgia (Octocorallia: Gorgoniidae) in West Africa. Scientific Results of the Danish Expedition to the Coasts of Tropical West Africa, 14.
9. Gravier, C., 1906. Sur les formations corallienes de l'ile San Thomé (golfe de Guinée). Bulletin du Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris, 12(7): 543-547
10. Gravier, , 1909. Sur l'habitat el le polymorphisme du Siderastrea radians. Bulletin de Muséum Nationale d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, 15:365-368
11. Gravier, C., 1909. Sur l`habitat e la polymorphisme du Siderastrea radians. Bulletin de Muséum Nationale d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, 15: 365-368
12. Gravier, C., 1910. Madreporaires des Îles São Tomé et du Príncipe. Annales de l’Institut Océanographique, Monaco, 1: 1-27
13. Greef, R., 1886. Über Westafrikanische Stylasteridea. Sitzungsberichte der Gesellschaft zur Beförderung der gesamten Naturwissenschaften zu Marburg.

14. Laborel, J., 1974. West African reef corals: an hypothesis on their origin. Proceedings of the 2nd International Coral Reef Symposium, 1:425-443
15. Repelin, R., 1965. Quelques méduses de l’ile Anno Bon (Golfe de Guinée). Cahiers d'O.R.S.T.O.M. Océanographiques, 3:73-79
16. Rodríguez, E., Fautin, D., Daly, , 2023. World List of Actiniaria. Actinostella flosculifera (Le Sueur, 1817). World Register of Marine Species https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=289355
17. Tuder-Durivault, 1961: Resultats scientifiques des Campagnes de la Calypso. XVII. Campagne de la Calypso dans le golfe de Guinee et aux iles de Principe, Sao Tome, Annobon (1956). 14. Les octocoralliaires du Golfe de Guinee et des iles du Cap-Vert (Alcyonacea, Pennatulacea). Annales de l'lnstitut Oceanographique Paris NS, 39: 237-262
18. Von Koch, W., Uber die von Herrn Prof. Dr. Greef in Gulf von Guinea gesammelten Anthozoen. Bonn. 34 pp.
19. Wirtz, P., Berenger, L., 2017. Range extension of Pseudocorynactis caribbeorum den Hartog, 1980 in the eastern Atlantic. Revista de la Academia Canaria de Ciencias, 24: 203–206
20. Wirtz, 2024. A pictorial catalogue of the Cnidaria Malacacyonacea of São Tomé and Príncipe. ResearchGate.
21. Wirtz, 2024. Revised pictorial catalogue of the shallow water Scleractinia of São Tomé and Príncipe Islands. ResearchGate.
22. Wirtz, P., Santos, M. E. A. 2025. A pictorial catalogue of the Zoantharia (Cnidaria) of São Tomé and Príncipe (STP).
23. Wirtz, 2023. A pictorial catalogue of the shallow water Corallimorpharia (Cnidaria) of São Tomé and Príncipe. ResearchGate.

“WORMS”: NEMATODA, ANNELIDA, and CHAETOGNATA

1. Britayev, T. A., Gil, J., Altuna, Á., Calvo, M. & Martín, D., 2014. New symbiotic associations involving polynoids (Polychaeta, Polynoidae) from Atlantic waters, with redescriptions of Parahololepidella greeffi (Augener, 1918) and Gorgoniapolynoe caeciliae (Fauvel, 1913). Memoirs of Museum Victoria, 71: 27–43
2. Brown, J., Nishi, E. & Wirtz, P., 2019. The polychaete Lygdamis wirtzi at Ascension and St Helena Islands (Annelida, Polychaeta, Sabellariidae). Arquipélago Life and Marine Sciences, 1: 19–22
3. Fauvel, P., Rullier, F., 1959. Campagne 1956 dans le Golfe de Guinée el aux Iles Príncipe, São Tomé et Annobon. 6. Annelides polychetes. Annales de l'Institut Océanographique, Paris NS, 37:143-205
4. Furnestin, M.L., 1959. Campagne 1956 dans le Golfe de Guinée et aux Iles Príncipe, São Tomé et Annobon. 8. Chaetognathes. Annales de l’lnstitut Océanographique. Paris NS, 37:219-233
5. Gadea, E., 1960. Resultados de la expedición Peris-Alvarez a isla de Annobón (Golfo de Guinea). III. Nermatodos libres terrestres. Publicaciones del lnstituto de Biologia aplicada, Barcelona, 32:205-218
6. Gadea, E., 1961. Nota sobre algunos nematodos muscicolas de los territorias del Golfo de Guinea. Miscelánea Zoologica, Barcelona, 1(3):1-8
7. Rullier, F., 1965. Quelques Annelides Polychetes pelagiques d’Anno-Bon (golfe de Guinée). Bulletin del‘Institut Français d’Afrique Noire, 27(A): 866-875
8. Wirtz, 2025. A pictorial catalogue of some shallow water Amphinomidae and Sabellariidae (Annelida, Polychaeta) of São Tomé and Príncipe. ResearchGate

MOLLUSCA

1. Adam, , 1961. Resultats seientifiques des campagnes de la Calypso. XVII Campagne 1956 dans le golfe de Guinee et aux îles Principe, Sao Tome et Annobon. 13. Cephalopodes. Annales de l'lnstitut Oceanographique. Paris N.S: 227-235

2. Bernard, P.A., 1982. First recording of Cymathium (Ranularia) caribbaeum for West Africa. Conchiglia (Shell), 16: 16l-l63
3. Boettger, R., 1962. Gastropoden mit zwei Schalenklappen. Verlzandlunger der Deutschen Zoologischen Gesellschaft, pp: 403-439
4. D.S., 1991. Freshwater snails of São Tomé. with special reference to Bulinus forskalii (Ehrenburg), host of

Schistosoma intercalatum. Hydrobiologia, 209(2): 141-153

5. Camargo, P. R.S., Barreiros, L.F.G., Barbosa, N.P.U., Cardoso, A.V., Assis, P.S., Pelli, A., 2021. Estado atual de conhecimento das principais características dos Moluscos / Current state of nowledge of the main characteristics of mollusks. Brazilian J. Dev., 7, 40950–40963
6. Degner, , 1932. Zur kenntnis der Gattung Rhysotina Ancey (Thomeonanina Germain) (Gastrop. Pulm.).

Zoologischer Anzeiger, 9(10): 225-230

7. Dell’Angelo, B., Schwabe, E., Gori, S., Sosso, M. Bonfitto, A., 2014. Chitons (Mollusca, Polyplacophora) from São Tomé and Príncipe Islands. African Invertebrate,s 55(2):171-200
8. Dohrn, , 1866a. Eine neue Nanina aus Westafrika. Malakozoologishe Blätter, 13: 114-115
9. Dohrn, , 1866b. Die Binnenconchylien von Ilha do Príncipe. Malakozoologishe Blätter, 13: 116-136
10. Dorgan, K. M., Valdés, Á. & Gosliner, T. M., 2002. Phylogenetic systematics of the genus Platydoris (Mollusca, Nudibranchia, Doridoidea) with descriptions of six new species. Zoologica Scripta, 31, 271–319
11. Fernandes, F., Rolan, E., 1989. Nuevo genero y nuevas especies de la familia Buccinidae Rafinesque, 1815 (Mollusca, Neogastropoda) de la isla de São Tomé. Boletino Malacologico, 25: 341-348
12. Fernandes, , Rolan, E., 1992. The marginellidae (Molluscs, Gastropoda) of Príncipe Island (Republica de São Tomé y Príncipe). Journal of Conchology, 34(2): 85-90
13. Fernandes, F., Rolán, E., 1993. Moluscos marinos de São Tomé y Principe: actualización bibliográfica y nuevas aportaciones - Marine molluscs of São Tomé and Principe: bibliographic actualization and new contributions. Iberus, 11, 31–47
14. Franca, A., 1959. Campagne de la Calypso dans le golfe de Guinée et aux fies Príncipe, São Tomé et Annobón (1956). X. Mollusques pelagiques. Annales de l'Institut Oceanographique. Paris NS, 37(4): 241-244
15. Germain, L., 1912. Descriptions de mollusques nouveaux de l'Ile du Prince (Golfe de Guinée) et de 1'Afrique occidentale. Bulletin du Muséum National d´Histoire Naturelle, Paris, 18: 318-324
16. Germain, L., 1915. Mollusques nouveaux des îles du Golfe de Guinée. Bulletin du Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris, 21(7): 283- 290
17. Germain, , 1926. Os moluscos das ilhas do golfo da Guiné, Boletim da Agência Geral das Colónias 10:223
18. Girard, A., 1893a. Revision de la faune malacologique des îles St. Thomé et du Prince. Jornal de Sciências Mathematicas, Physicas e Naturaes 2ª Série, 3: 28-42
19. Girard, A., 1893b. Revision de la faune malacologique des îles St. Thomé et du Prince. Jornal de Sciências Mathematicas, Physicas e Naturaes 2ª Série, 3: 95-114
20. Gofas, , 1990. Scaevatula n. gen., a sinistraI clavatuline Turrid from West Africa. Archiv für Molluskenkunde,

120(1/3): 11-22

21. Gofas, , Fernandes, F., 1991. The marginellids of São Tome, West Africa. Journal of Conchology 33(1): 1-30
22. Gracio, A.A., 1989. The genus Bulinus in São Tomé e Príncipe: first record and contribution to the life history.

Journal of Medical and Applied Malacology, 1: 165-172

23. Herrero-Barrencua, A., 2017. Sea slugs (Mollusca: Heterobranchia) from Principe Island (Gulf of Guinea): Unravelling a largely unknown fauna. In: International Conference Maritime Spatial Planning, Ecosystem Approach and Supporting Information Systems (MaPSIS).
24. Heynemann, D., 1868. Die Nachtschnecken von der Prinzeninsel. Malakozoologische Blatter, 15: 32-39

25. W.E., 1887. List of shells collected by John Rattray on the West Coast of Africa and the adjacent islands.

Proceedings of the Royal Physical Society of Edinburgh, 9: 337-341

26. Kosuge, S., Fernandes. F., 1989. Descriptions of two new species of the genera Ocinebria and Coralliophila from São Tomé Island, west Africa with, some discussion on Purpura giton (Gastropoda: Muricidae and Coralliophilidae). Bulletin of the Institute of Malacology, Tokyo, 2(8): 132-136
27. Kress, A., 1970. Campagne de la Calypso dans le Golfe de Guinee et Aux Iles Principe, Sao Tome et Annobon (1956), et Campagne Aux Iles du Cap Vert (1959). 20. Mollusken Opisthobranchier.Annales de l'lnstitut Oceanographique, Monaco: 21-32
28. Lamy, E., 1907. Liste des coquilles maritimes recueilles par Mr. Ch. Gravier a l'île de S.Thomé. Bulletin du Muséum Nationale d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris, 13(2):145-154
29. Lygre, F., Schander, C., Kongsrud, J.A., Krakstad, J.-O., 2009. Additions to the knowledge of Chrysallidinae and Turbonillidae (Mollusca, Gastropoda, Pyramidelloidea) in tropical West Africa. Journal of Conchology, 40(4):477- 481
30. Marcus, , Marcus, Er. 1966. The R/V Pillsbury Deep Sea Biological Expedition to the Gulf of Guinea, 1964-65. 9. Opisthobranchs from tropical West Africa. Studies in Tropical Oceanography, 4:152-208
31. Nigmatulin, C.M., Shchetinnikov, A.S., 1992. Ecology, resources and results of experimental fishing for epipelagic squids in waters of the São Tomé e Príncipe Democratic Republic. UNIRO, Moscow. Fishery biology studies of sea shellfishes. Collected papers p: 134-149
32. Nobre, A., 1886. Exploração científica da ilha de S.Tomé. Conchas terrestres e marinhas recolhidas pelo Sr. Adolpho Moller na ilha de S.Tomé em 1885. Boletim da Sociedade de Geographia. Lisboa, 4:213-227
33. Nobre, A., 1887. Remarques sur la faune malacologique de marine des possessions portugaises de l' Afrique Occidentale. Jornal de Sciencias mathematicas physicas e naturaes, 12(46): 107·-120
34. Nobre, A., 1894. Sur la faune malacologique des îles de S. Thomé et de Madére. Ile de S.Thomé. Annaes de Sciencias Naturaes, 1:91-94
35. Nobre, A., 1901. Contribuições para a fauna malacológica das possessões portuguesas da Africa Occidental. Annaes de Sciencias Naturaes, 7: 163-172
36. Nobre, A., 1909. Materiaux pour l'étude de la faune malacologique des possessions portugaises de l’Afrique Occidental. Boletim da Sociedade Portuguesa de Sciencias Naturais, suplemento, 3(2): 1-108
37. A., 1891. Contribuições para a fauna malacológica da ilha de S.Tomé. O Instituto, Coimbra, 38(10-12):756- 764, 830-836, 928-935
38. A., 1894. Sur la faune malacologique des îles de S.Thomé et de Madére. Ile de S.Thomé. Annaes de Sciencias Naturais, 1:91-94
39. Reid, D. G., 2011. The genus Echinolittorina Habe, 1956 (Gastropoda: Littorinidae) in the eastern Atlantic Ocean and Mediterranean Sea. Zootaxa, 2974, 1–65
40. Rolan, , 1996. Marine Molluscs of Príncipe. Gulf of Guinea.Conservation Newsletter. 6: 2-3
41. Rolan, E., Fernandes, F., 1990. Coralliophila adansoni (Kosuge and Fernandes, 1989): new name for Ocinebrina adansoni. Boletino Malacologico 26(5-9): 143-144
42. Rolan, E., Fernandes, F., 1991. Muricopsis (Risomurex) (Gastropoda, Muricidae) de las islas de São Tomé y Principe (Golfo de Guinea, Africa Occidental). Apex, Brussels, 6(1):11-20
43. Rolan, E., Fernandes, F., 1992. Aportaciones aI conocimiento de la familia Turridae Swainson, 1840 (Mollusca, Gastropoda) en las islas de São Tomé y Príncipe (Golfo de Guinea). Nova Acta Cientifica Compostelana (Bioloxia), 3: 135-143
44. Rolan, E., Fernandes, F., 1995. Aprovechamiento del carbonato calcico por una especie endemica de la isla de Príncipe. Noticiario SEM, 23: 30-31

45. Rolán, E., Swinnen, F., 2004. A new Barleeia (Mollusca, Barleeidae) from Principe Island (Gulf of Guinea, West Africa). Gloria Maris, 43, 1–6
46. Rolan, , Templado, J., 1993. Una especie nueva del genero Tropidorissoia (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Barleeidae) para la costa oesteafricana. Boletino Malacologico, 29: 237-242
47. Rubio, F., Rolan, E., 1990. Aportaciones a 1os conocimientos sobre micromoluscos de Africa occidental. 2. Archaeogastropoda de São Tomé y Príncipe. Iberus, 9(1-2): 209-219
48. Russini, V., Fassio, G., Modica, M. V., de Maintenon, M. J., Oliverio, M., 2017. An assessment of the genus Columbella Lamarck, 1799 (Gastropoda: Columbellidae) from eastern Atlantic. Zoosystema, 39: 197–212
49. Schniebs, K., 1993. Einige Meeresgastropoden von der Insel São Tomé (Golf von Guinea) (Gastropoda: Prosobranchia, Heterobranchia et Opisthobranchia). Faunistische Abhandlungen, Staatliches Museum für Tierkunde in Dresden, 19(1): 119-126
50. Silva, F. D. V., Herrero-Barrencua, A., Pola, M., Cervera, J. L., 2019. Description of a new species of Marionia (Gastropoda: Heterobranchia: Tritoniidae) from the Gulf of Guinea (eastern Atlantic Ocean). Bulletin of Marine Science, 95: 431–447
51. Tomlin, R. le B., 1923. The marine mollusca of S. Thomé III. Journal of Conchology 17(3): 87-94.
52. Tomlin, R. le B., Shackleford, L.J., 1912. Description of two new species of Marginella from San Thomé island.

Journal of Conchology 13:319-320

53. Tomlin, R. le B., Shackleford, L.J., 1913a. Description of new species of Marginella and Mucronalia from San Thomé island. Journal of Conchology, 14: 43pp.
54. Tomlin, R. le B., Shackleford, L.J., 1913b. Descriptions of two new species of Marginella from San Thomé island.

Journal of Concholog,y 14(1):11

55. Tomlin, R. le B., Shackleford, L.J., 1914-5. The Marine Mollusca of São Thomé, I. Journal of Conchology,

14:239-256, 267-276

56. Tomlin, R. le B., Shackleford, L.J., 1915. The marine mollusca of S. Thomé II. Journal of Conchology, 14(10): 307-309
57. Wirtz, , 2004a. A note on nudibranchs (Mollusca Opisthobranchia) from Príncipe Island (Eastern Central Atlantic).

Arquipelago - Life and Marine Sciences, 21A: 81–82

58. Wirtz, , 2004b. Four amphi-Atlantic shrimps new for São Tomé and Príncipe (eastern central Atlantic).

Arquipelago - Life and Marine Sciences, 21: 83–85

59. Wirtz, , Roura, A. 2024. A pictorial catalogue of the shallow water Cephalopoda of São Tomé and Príncipe. ResearchGate.
60. Wirtz, 2024. A pictorial catalogue of the Mollusca Aplysiida and Umbraculida of São Tomé and Príncipe. ResearchGate.

ARTHROPODA CHELICERATA

1. Fage, , 1959. Resultats scientifiques des campagnes de la Calypso 1956 dans le Golfe de Guinée et aux Îles Principe, São Tomé et Annobon. 9. Pycnogonides. Annales de l'Institut Oceanographique, 37: 235-239
2. Fage, , Stock, J.H., 1966. Campagne de la Calypso aux iles du Cap Vert (1959). 6. Pycnogonides. Annales de l'Institut Oceanographique, 44: 315-327

CRUSTACEA

1. Afonso-Dias, , Pires, A., Clark, P., 2009. Occurrence of Chaceon gordonae and C. sanctaehelenae (Crustacea: Brachyura: Geryonidae) off the Island of São Tomé. Marine Biodiversity Records, 1(e3)

2. Aguiar, O.B., 1986. Contribuição para o reconhecimento dos copépodes marinhos da costa ocidental de Africa entre São Tome e Cabo Frio 1. Garcia de Orta. Série Zoologica, 13(1-2): 57-66
3. Aguiar, O.B., 1987. Contribution to the knowledge of marine copepods of the west African coast, between São Tomé and Cabo Frio. Garcia de Orta. Série de Zoologia, 14(1):39-52
4. Aguiar, O.B., 1988. Contribuição para o reconhecimento dos copépodes marinhos da costa ocidental de Africa entre São Tomé e Cabo Frio 3. Garcia de Orta. Série Zoologica, 15(2): 179-189
5. Azevedo e Silva, J., Almeida, A.J., Cravo, M., Pais, M.P., Santos, Y., Paula, J., Patterns of fish distribution in tropical rock pools at Príncipe Island, Gulf of Guinea. African Journal of Marine Science, 44: 353-366
6. Crosnier, A., Forest, J., 1966. Campagne de la Calypso dans le Golfe de Guinée et aux îles Príncipe, São Tomé et Annobon (1956) et campagne aux îles du Cap Vert (1959). 19. Crustaces decapodes: Alpheidae. Annales de l'Institut Océanographique. Paris NS, 44: 199-314
7. Crosse, , 1868. Faunule malacologique terrestre de l’Île San-Thomé. Journal de Conchyliologie. 3 ser. 8: 125-135
8. Crosse, H., 1888a. Nouveau catalogue des mollusques terrestres de l'ile de San-Thomé. Journal de Conchyliologie. 3 ser. 36: 13-30
9. Crosse, H., 1888b. Faunule malacologique terrestre et fluviatile, l'lle du Prince. Journal de Conchyliologie. 3 ser. 36:296-304.
10. Crosse, H., Fischer, P., 1888. Observations sur le Bulimus exaratus Müller. Journal de Conchyliologie. 3 ser. 36: 11- 12
11. N., Daniels, S.R., 2018. A new species of Potamonautes from São Tomé Island, Central Africa, with redescriptions of P. margaritarius (A. Milne-Edwards, 1869) from São Tomé, and P. principe Cumberlidge, Clark and Baillie, 2002, from Príncipe (Decapoda: Potamonautidae). Contributions to Zoology, 87(4):287–303
12. d'Udekem d'Acoz, C., 2024. On a new species of Thia Leach, 1815 from the tropical eastern Atlantic (Decapoda, Brachyura, Portunoidea, Carcinidae, Thiinae). Crustaceana, 97 (5-9): 843-863
13. Fage, , 1959. Campagne de la "Calypso" 1956 dans le Golfe de Guin6e et aux Îles Príncipe, São Tomé et Annobon.
14. Annales de 1'Institut Océanographique, Paris NS, 37:235-239.
15. Forest, , 1966: Campagne de la Calypso dans le golfe de Guinee et aux iles Principe Sao Tome et Annobon (1956).
16. Crustaces Decapodes: Pagurides. Annales de l'lnstitut Oceanographique. Monaco N.S: 125-172
17. Forest, J., Guinot, D., 1966. Campagne de la Calypso dans le Golfe de Guinée et aux lIes Príncipe, São Tomé et Annobón (1956). 16. Crustacea, Decapodes: Brachyoures. Annales de l'Institut Océanographique. Paris NS, 44: 23-
18. Fransen, C. H. J. M., Grave, S. D. E., 2019. Two new species of Hippolyte from the Tropical Central and East Atlantic (Crustacea, Decapoda, Caridea). Zootaxa, 4550: 201–220
19. Gravier, C., 1906. Observations biologiques sur les crabes terrestres de I'île de S.Thomé. Bulletin du Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris 12(7): 499-500
20. Greef, R., Die Land- und Süsswasser Krebse der lnseln S. Thomé und Rolas. Sitzungsberichte du Gesellschaft zur Beförderung der gesamten Naturwissenschaften zu Marburg.
21. Henriksen, C. S., 2015. Investigation of crustaceans from shelf areas in the Gulf of Guinea, with special emphasis on Brachyura. (University of Bergen)
22. Henriksen, C.S., Schander, C., Kongsrud, J.A., Krakstad, J.-O., 2009. Investigation of crustaceans from shelf areas in the Gulf of Guinea with special emphasis on Brachyura
23. Holthuis, L. B., 1966. The R/V Pillsbury deep-sea biological expedition to the Gulf of Guinea, 1964- 65. II. The freshwater shrimps of the island of Annobon, West Africa. Studies in Tropical Oceanography, 4(1): 224-239

22. Manning, RB., 1973. Campagne de la Calypso dans le Golfe de Guinee et aux lles Principe, São Tomé et Annobón (1956), et campagne aux Iles du Cap Vert (1959) 21 Stomatopod Crustacea. Annales de l'Institute Océanographique 4910 1-22 Suppl
23. Marques, , 1956. Copepodes marinhos da ilha de São Tomé, Conferência Internacional dos Africanistas Ocidentais 6ª sessão, S. Tomé, Communicações 4: 193-203.

24. Marques, , 1960. Diagnose de Lernanthropus delamorei n.sp., copepode parasita do peixe Seriola lalandi Val.

Garcia de Orta, 8(1):39-46

25. Marques, , 1965. Copepodes parasitas de peixes marinhos de S.Tomé. Garcia de Orta 13(2):185-192
26. Marques, E., 1975. Copépodes marinhos das águas de S.Tomé e Príncipe, in: Anon (Ed.). Livro da homenagem do Prof. Fernando Frade, Junta de Investigações do Ultramar, Lisbon.
27. Mateus, A., Mateus, E., 1986. Campagne de la 'Calypso' dans le Golfe de Guinée at aux îles Príncipe, São Tomé et Annobon (1956). Amphipodes recoltes à bord de la 'Calypso'. Anais da Faculdade de Ciencias do Porto 66(1-4): 125-223
28. Monod, , 1975. Sur un Gecarcinus (Decapoda: Brachyura) de São Tomé. Bulletin de 1'Institut français de 1'Afrique noire (Sciences naturelles), 37(1):15-26.

29. Ngoc-Ho, N., 2006. A new species of Neaxius borradaile, 1903 from the Gulf of Guinea (Crustacea, Decapoda, Thalassinidea, Strahlaxiidae). Zoosystema, 28: 409–415
30. Osório, B., 1887. Liste des crustacés des possessions portugaises d'Afrique occidentale dans les collections du Muséum d'Histoire de Lisbonne. Jornal de Sciências Mathematicas, Physicas e Naturaes, 11(44):220-231
31. Osório, B., 1888 a. Liste de Crustacés des Possessions Portugaises d’Afrique occidentale dans les collections du Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle de Lisbonne. Jornal de Sciências Mathematicas, Physicas e Naturaes Lisboa, 12: 186- 191
32. Osório, B., 1888 b. Liste des crustacés recueilles a l'île du Prince par M. Newton. Jornal de Sciências Mathematicas, Physicas e Naturaes, 12
33. Osório, B., 1889. Nouvelle contribution pour la connaissance de la faune carcinologique des iles Saint Thomé et du Prince. Jornal de Sciências Mathematicas, Physicas e Naturaes, 2;1. Série 1(2):129- 139
34. Osório, B., 1890-1. Notes sur quelques espèces de crustacés de l’île St. Thomé, ilot das Rolas et Angola. Jornal de Sciências Mathematicas, Physicas e Naturaes 2ª Série 2(5-6):45-49, 140-146
35. Osório, B., 1892. Nova contribuição para a fauna carcinologica da Ilha de S. Thomé. Jornal de Sciências Mathematicas, Physicas e Naturaes 2, 2: 199-204
36. Osório, B., 1894 a. Crustáceos da ilha de Príncipe. Jornal de Sciências Mathematicas, Physicas e Naturaes. 2ª Série 3(12).
37. Osório, B., 1894 b. Noticia sobre duas espécies africanas, crustáceos parasitas. Jornal de Sciências Mathematicas, Physicas e Naturaes 2ª Série 3(11): 185
38. Osório, B., 1895 a. Crustaceos da Ilha do Príncipe. Jornal de Sciências Mathematicas, Physicas e Naturaes Lisboa, ser. 2, 3: 251
39. Osório, B., 1895 Crustaceos da Ilha d’Anno Bom. Jornal de Sciências Mathematicas, Physicas e Naturaes Lisboa, ser. 2, 33: 248-250
40. Osório, B., 1898. Da distribuição geográfica dos peixes e crustáceos colhidos nas possessões portuguesas da Africa Ocidental e existentes no Museu Nacional de Lisboa Jornal de Sciências Mathematicas, Physicas e Naturaes Lisboa 2ª. Série 5(19),185-207
41. Osório, B., 1905. Breve notícia àcerca de alguns Peixes e Crustáceos colhidos na Possessões portuguezas da Africa occidental. Jornal de Sciências Mathematicas, Physicas e Naturaes Lisboa, ser. 2, 7: 248-250
42. Osório, B., 1906. Uma nova lista de Crustaceos africanos. Jornal de Sciências Mathematicas, Physicas e Naturaes Lisboa, ser. 2, 7: 149,150

43. Rathburn, M.J., 1900. The decapod crustaceans of West Africa. Proceedings of the United States Natural History Museum 22: 271-316
44. Razouls C., Desreumaux N., Kouwenberg J. and de Bovée F., 2005-2024. - Biodiversity of Marine Planktonic Copepods (morphology, geographical distribution and biological data). Sorbonne University, CNRS. Available at http://copepodes.obs-banyuls.fr/en [Accessed July 01, 2024]
45. Stubbings, H.G., 1961. Résultats scientifiques des campagnes de la "Calypso". XVII. Campagne, de la Calypso dans le Golfe, Guinée et aux îles Príncipe, São Tomé, Annobon (1956). II. Cirripedia. Annales de l’Institut Océanographique, Paris NS, 39: 179-192
46. Stubbings, H.G., 1964. Campagne de la Calypso aux iles du Cap Vert (1959). 4 Cirripedia. Annales de l’Institut Océanographique, Paris NS, 51: 103-112
47. Wirtz, P., 2024. A note on the biology of the recently described Thia schubarti (Crustacea, Brachyura, Carcinidae) from São Tomé Island.
48. Wirtz, P., d'Udekem d'Acoz, C. 2008. Crustaceans associated with Cnidaria, Bivalvia, Echinoidea and Pisces at São Tomé and Príncipe Islands (eastern central Atlantic). Arquipélago. Life and Marine Sciences 25: 63-69.
49. Wirtz, P., 2024. A pictorial catalogue of the Crustacea Barbouridae and Rhynchocinetidae of São Tomé and Príncipe.
50. Wirtz, P., 2024. A pictorial catalogue of the shallow water Crustacea Astacidea, Achelata, Axiidea, and Gebiidea of São Tomé and Príncipe. ResearchGate.
51. Wirtz, P., 2024. A pictorial catalogue of the shallow-water Crustacea Stomatopoda of São Tomé and Príncipe.
52. Wirtz, P., 2023. A pictorial catalogue of the Calappa species (Crustacea, Brachyura) of São Tomé and Príncipe.
53. Wirtz, , D’Acoz, C., 2008. Crustaceans associated with Cnidaria, Bivalvia, Echinoidea and Pisces at São Tomé and Príncipe islands. Arquipélago. Life Marine Sciences, 25: 63–69
54. Wittmann, J., 2013. Mysids associated with sea anemones from the tropical Atlantic: Descriptions of Ischiomysis

new genus, and two new species in this taxon (Mysida, Mysidae, Heteromysinae). Crustaceana, 86: 487–506 ECHINODERMATA

1. Alme, Ø., (Schander, , Kongsrud, J. A., Krakstad, J.-O.- Supervisors), 2010. Investigation of the Ophiuroid fauna

of continental shelf areas in the Gulf of Guinea (Doctoral Thesis). Bergen University.

2. Chesher, R.H., 1966. Report on the echinoidea collected by R/V Pillsbury in the Gulf of Guinea. Studies in Tropical Oceanography Miami 4 (part 1): 209-239 pp
3. Gravier, C., 1907. Rapport sur une mission scientifique à l'ile de St.Thomé, Golfe de Guiné. Nouvelles Archives des Missions Scientifiques, Paris, 15(2):61-70
4. Greef, R., 1882. Echinodermen, beobachtet auf einer Reise nach der Guinea-Insel Sao Thome. Zoologischer Anzeiger, 107: pp. 114-120, 135-139, 156-159
5. Greeff, R., 1884. Ueber die Fauna der Guinea-Inseln S. Thomé und Rolas. Sitzungsberichte der Gesellschaft zur Beförderung der gesammten Naturwissenschaften zu Marburg, 1884(2):41–80
6. Purcell, S.W., Locatelli, A., Gonzáles-Wangüemert, M., Solis-Martin, F.A., Samyn, Y., Conand, C., 2023. Commercially important sea cucumbers of the world (2^nd. Ed.). FAO Species Catalogue for Fishery Purposes No. 6, Rev. 1. Rome, FAO. https://doi.org/10.4060/cc5230en
7. Wesenberg-Lund. E., 1959. Campagne 1956 dans le Golfe de Guinée et aux Iles Príncipe, São Tomé et Annobon. 7. Sipunculoidea et Echiuroidea. Annales de I'lnstitut Océanographique, Paris NS, 37:207-117

8. Wirtz, P., 2024. A pictorial catalogue of shallow water starfish species of São Tomé and Príncipe (Echinodermata, Asteroidea). ResearchGate.

CHORDATA PISCES

1. Afonso, P., Porteiro, F.M., Santos, R.S., Barreiros, J.P., Worms, J., Wirtz P., 1999. Coastal marine fishes of São Tomé Island (Gulf of Guinea). Arquipélago-Life and Marine Sciences, 17A:65–92
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