Epigenetic mechanisms in the differentiation of neural stem cells in the developing brain
Isa Abdi Rad
Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Iran
: Androl Gynecol: Curr Res
Abstract
The process of brain development encompasses different stages of neurogenesis, migration, differentiation, apoptosis, arborization, synaptogenesis, synaptic sculpting and myelination. Neural stem cells (NSCs) that transform from neuroepithelial cells have a multipotential ability to give rise to neurons and glial cells, that is, astrocytes and oligodendrocytes. Differentiation of NSCs that line the neural tube is tightly regulated spatiotemporally by many genetic factors and epigenetic modiï¬Âcations, which can interact with transcription factors and environmental factors. Epigenetics modiï¬Âcations influence genes activation and silencing at different steps of NSCs differentiation through DNA methylation, histone modiï¬Âcation, and non-coding RNAs expression without changes in the DNA sequence. Neuronal differentiation in mid-gestation, which precedes glial differentiation, is induced by epigenetic mechanisms through regulation of neurogenic basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factors such as Ngn1, Ngn2, and Mash1. Thereafter, at late gestation, DNA methylation in astrocytespecific promoter results in glial cells differentiation. So, DNA methylation is one of the essential epigenetic factors in differentiation of NSCs during development. DNA methylation is carried out through cytosine methylation of genomic DNA at CpG dinucleotides, which directly interferes with the binding of transcription factors to the target sequences by a family of DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs). The DNMTs family is essential for embryogenesis as their functions are necessary for maintenance of methylation patterns during DNA replication (DNMT1), and for de novo methylation (DNMT3a and DNMT3b). Histone modiï¬Âcation is very complex epigenetic mechanism compared with DNA methylation. H3 and H4 core histones are modified by methylation, acetylation of lysine residue, phosphorylation, ubiquitylation, glycosylation, biotinylation, carbonylation and ADP-ribosylation. Non-coding RNAs such as microRNAs and long non-coding RNA also play roles in gene expression by transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation, so affects the sequential differentiation of NSCs during brain development. In this seminar, the author would like to discuss epigenetic mechanisms such as DNA methylation, histone modiï¬Âcation, and non-coding RNAs expression that are involved in the differentiation of neural stem cells in the developing brain.
Biography
Isa Abdi Rad is working as a Professor of Neurogenetics at Urmia University of Medical Sciences in West Azerbaijan, Iran. He obtained his MD degree from Tehran University of Medical Sciences in 1991 and his PhD degree in Medical Genetics from the University of Nottingham (England) in 2002, and Fellowship in Neurogenetics from Nottingham University. From the year 2003 to until now, he has been working at Urmia University of Medical Sciences as an Academic Staff. During this time, he has performed educational, research and clinical service duties. His research interest is mainly focused on the genetic basis of mental retardation.
E-mail: e: isaabdirad@yahoo.com
