Biomarkers: Advancing Diagnosis, Prognosis, and Personalized Medicine

Biomarkers have emerged as essential tools in modern medical biotechnology, offering valuable insights into disease mechanisms, early diagnosis, therapeutic response, and patient stratification. They serve as measurable indicators of normal biological processes, pathogenic changes, or treatment-related responses. Advances in genomics, proteomics, and metabolomics have accelerated the discovery of novel biomarkers, enabling improved precision in clinical decision-making. This article explores the types, applications, and current challenges associated with biomarker development, with a particular focus on their role in personalized medicine. Furthermore, it highlights the importance of biomarker validation, standardization, and regulatory considerations in ensuring their clinical utility.