Checkpoint Inhibitors in Oncology: Clinical Success and Future Challenges

Checkpoint inhibitors have revolutionized oncology by harnessing the immune system to recognize and attack cancer cells. Agents targeting CTLA-4, PD-1, and PD-L1 have shown unprecedented success in several malignancies, including melanoma, lung cancer, and renal cell carcinoma. However, immune-related adverse events, resistance mechanisms, and cost-related barriers remain significant challenges. This article explores the clinical impact of checkpoint inhibitors, current therapeutic strategies, resistance patterns, and future directions aimed at enhancing their efficacy and safety across solid tumors.