Journal of Clinical & Experimental OncologyISSN: 2324-9110

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Commentary,  J Clin Exp Oncol Vol: 13 Issue: 2

Exploring Oncogenes types, Functions and Innovations in Detection Methods

Chiara Magnius*

1Department of Health Sciences, University of Beira Interior, Covilha, Portugal

*Corresponding Author: Chiara Magnius,
Department of Health Sciences, University of Beira Interior, Covilha, Portugal
E-mail:
chiara_magnius@ub11.pt

Received date: 22 May, 2024, Manuscript No. JCEOG-24-143927;

Editor assigned date: 24 May, 2024, PreQC No. JCEOG-24-143927 (PQ);

Reviewed date: 07 June, 2024, QC No. JCEOG-24-143927;

Revised date: 14 June, 2024, Manuscript No. JCEOG-24-143927 (R);

Published date: 21 June, 2024, DOI: 10.4172/2324-9110.1000414

Citation: Magnius C (2024) Exploring Oncogenes Types, Functions and Innovations in Detection Methods. J Clin Exp Oncol 13:2.

Description

Oncogenes are a category of genes that, when mutated or overexpressed, have the potential to cause normal cells to become cancerous. The discovery of oncogenes has been a significant development in cancer studies, providing information into the molecular mechanisms of cancer development and progression. Understanding the types, functions, and methods for detecting oncogenes is important for advancing cancer diagnosis, treatment, and prevention. It delves into these aspects, emphasizing the latest innovations in oncogene detection methods. Oncogenes can be broadly classified based on their origins and functions. Protooncogenes are normal genes that play essential roles in cell growth, differentiation, and survival. When these genes are altered by mutations, gene amplification, or translocation, they become oncogenes, driving uncontrolled cell proliferation.

Examples include the RAS family of genes (HRAS, KRAS, NRAS) and the MYC gene. Some oncogenes originate from viruses that infect human cells. These viral oncogenes integrate into the host genome and can induce cancerous transformations. The Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) is a well-known example, with its E6 and E7 oncogenes linked to cervical and other cancers. Fusion oncogenes are formed by the joining of two previously separate genes, often as a result of chromosomal translocations. These hybrid genes can produce novel proteins with oncogenic properties. The BCR-ABL fusion gene, resulting from the Philadelphia chromosome translocation, is a key driver of Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML). Oncogenes play various roles in promoting cancer development by disrupting normal cellular processes.

Many oncogenes encode proteins that stimulate cell division and proliferation. For example, the MYC oncogene produces a transcription factor that drives the expression of genes involved in cell cycle progression. Some oncogenes help cells evade apoptosis, the programmed cell death mechanism that removes damaged or unwanted cells. The BCL-2 gene is an example, encoding a protein that prevents apoptosis, thereby allowing cancer cells to survive longer. Oncogenes can promote angiogenesis, the formation of new blood vessels, to supply tumors with nutrients and oxygen. The VEGF (Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor) gene is a key component in this process. Oncogenes can facilitate metastasis, the spread of cancer cells to distant organs. The MET oncogene, for instance, encodes a receptor tyrosine kinase that enhances cell motility and invasion. The CRISPRCas9 gene-editing technology allows for precise modifications of the genome, enabling experts to study the functions of specific oncogenes and their roles in cancer. It also holds potential for therapeutic applications, such as correcting oncogenic mutations in cancer cells.

Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization (FISH) is a cytogenetic technique that uses fluorescent probes to detect and localize specific DNA sequences on chromosomes. It is particularly useful for identifying gene amplifications and translocations, such as the HER2 amplification in breast cancer or the BCR-ABL fusion in CML. Realtime Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) is a highly sensitive method for quantifying DNA and RNA levels. It is widely used to detect specific oncogene mutations, such as the BRAF V600E mutation in melanoma and colorectal cancer. The technique's sensitivity and specificity make it a standard tool in molecular diagnostics. Mass spectrometry-based proteomics allows for the identification and quantification of proteins expressed by oncogenes. It provides information into the functional consequences of oncogene activation and can identify biomarkers for cancer diagnosis and prognosis.

Conclusion

The study of oncogenes has provided significant information into the molecular mechanisms of cancer. Advances in detection methods, including next-generation sequencing, liquid biopsies, and CRISPRCas9, are revolutionizing cancer diagnostics and personalized medicine. By continuing to innovate and integrate new technologies, analysts and clinicians can improve the early detection, diagnosis, and treatment of cancer, ultimately enhancing patient outcomes. Understanding the types, functions, and detection methods of oncogenes is an essential step toward achieving these goals.

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