Back Pain: Causes, Management, and Prevention

Back pain is one of the most prevalent musculoskeletal complaints worldwide and a leading cause of disability. It affects individuals across age groups and poses significant economic and social burdens. The etiology of back pain is multifactorial, involving biomechanical, psychological, occupational, and lifestyle-related factors. This article reviews the common causes, diagnostic approaches, evidence-based management strategies, and preventive measures for back pain. Effective treatment requires a multimodal approach, including physical therapy, ergonomics, pharmacological interventions, and lifestyle modifications. Improved understanding of risk factors and early intervention can reduce chronicity and enhance quality of life for affected individuals.