Cervical Cancer: A Comprehensive Overview

Cervical cancer remains a major global health issue, particularly in resource-limited settings where access to preventive measures and treatment is often inadequate. This malignancy predominantly arises from persistent infection with high-risk types of Human Papillomavirus (HPV), with HPV-16 and HPV-18 accounting for approximately 70% of cases. Advances in prevention, including the widespread use of HPV vaccines and robust screening programs such as Pap smears and HPV testing, have led to significant reductions in incidence and mortality in high-income regions. However, socio-economic disparities, lack of awareness, and cultural barriers continue to impede progress in many developing nations. This article explores the epidemiology, molecular pathogenesis, risk factors, clinical presentation, diagnostic modalities, and treatment options for cervical cancer. Special attention is given to innovative approaches such as immunotherapy, targeted treatments, and the integration of artificial intelligence in diagnostics. The discussion also highlights the critical role of public health initiatives, such as the WHO’s Cervical Cancer Elimination Strategy, in fostering equitable access to care and achieving global cervical cancer control. Addressing the challenges of vaccine hesitancy, healthcare infrastructure gaps, and economic constraints remains pivotal to reducing the disease burden and improving outcomes for women worldwide.