Endothelial Dysfunction and Its Critical Role in Cancer Progression: Mechanisms, Implications, and Therapeutic Opportunities

Endothelial dysfunction, characterized by impaired vascular homeostasis, has emerged as a significant factor in cancer progression. This pathological state disrupts critical endothelial functions, including nitric oxide (NO) production, vascular permeability regulation, and immune cell trafficking. In the context of cancer, endothelial dysfunction facilitates tumor angiogenesis, immune evasion, and metastasis, contributing to a tumor-supportive microenvironment. This article explores the multifaceted relationship between endothelial dysfunction and cancer, discussing its underlying molecular mechanisms, role in tumor biology, and clinical implications. Furthermore, it examines current and emerging therapeutic strategies aimed at targeting endothelial dysfunction to inhibit tumor growth and metastasis. The potential of endothelial dysfunction biomarkers for diagnostic and prognos