Genetic and Behavioral Adaptations Driving Insecticide Resistance in Vectors

Insecticides have long been the cornerstone of vector control
programs aimed at reducing the transmission of vector-borne diseases
such as malaria, dengue, Zika, and chikungunya. Chemical agents like
pyrethroids, organophosphates, carbamates, and organochlorines have
proven highly effective in reducing mosquito and tick populations in
endemic areas. However, the prolonged and widespread use of these
agents has led to the emergence of insecticide resistance in many vector
species, undermining the efficacy of control programs and posing a
significant threat to public health.