Melanoma: The Skin Cancer Epidemic – Mechanisms, Risk Factors, and Emerging Therapies

Melanoma, a malignant tumor originating from melanocytes, represents the deadliest form of skin cancer. Its global incidence has risen dramatically due to increasing Ultraviolet (UV) exposure and changes in lifestyle. This article explores the pathophysiology of melanoma, emphasizing its genetic, environmental, and molecular underpinnings. We also discuss the risk factors, including UV radiation, genetic predispositions, and immunosuppression. Advancements in therapeutic strategies, such as immune checkpoint inhibitors, targeted therapies, and novel interventions like oncolytic virotherapy, are also examined. Understanding melanoma’s biological mechanisms and identifying potential therapeutic targets will enhance early detection, improve treatment outcomes, and reduce melanoma-associated mortality.