Regulation of Cellular Energy Homeostasis Through AMPK Signaling Pathways: A Biochemical Perspective

Cellular energy homeostasis is essential for maintaining normal physiological functions and ensuring cell survival under changing metabolic conditions. AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a highly conserved serine/threonine kinase that functions as a central regulator of cellular energy metabolism. AMPK responds to fluctuations in intracellular energy levels by sensing changes in AMP, ADP, and ATP concentrations and subsequently activating signaling pathways that restore metabolic balance. Through the regulation of glucose uptake, fatty acid oxidation, protein synthesis, autophagy, and mitochondrial function, AMPK coordinates numerous biochemical processes that maintain cellular energy homeostasis. Dysregulation of AMPK signaling has been associated with obesity, type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, neurodegenerative disorders, and cancer. This review examines the biochemical mechanisms involved in AMPK activation, its downstream signaling pathways, and its role in metabolic regulation. In addition, current therapeutic strategies targeting AMPK are discussed.