Vector-Host-Pathogen Triad in Arbovirus Transmission

Arboviruses (arthropod-borne viruses) such as dengue, Zika,
chikungunya, and yellow fever have emerged as significant global
health threats. Their transmission is intricately governed by a triadic
relationship involving the vector (typically mosquitoes or ticks),
the vertebrate host (usually humans), and the virus (the pathogen).