Opinion Article, Biomater Med Appl Vol: 7 Issue: 2

An Overview of Antibiotic Resistance

James Tieber^*

¹Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, Michigan, USA

*Corresponding Author: James Tieber,
Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, Michigan, USA
E-mail: tieberjames@msu.edu

Received date: 29 May, 2023, Manuscript No. BMA-23-106862;

Editor assigned date: 31 May, 2023, PreQC No. BMA-23-106862 (PQ);

Reviewed date: 14 June, 2023, QC No. BMA-23-106862;

Revised date: 21 June, 2023, Manuscript No. BMA-23-106862 (R);

Published date: 28 June, 2023 DOI: 10.35248/2577-0268.100520

Citation: Tieber J (2023) An Overview of Antibiotic Resistance. Biomater Med Appl 7:2.

Abstract

Description

Antibiotics have been one of the greatest medical advancements, saving countless lives and revolutionizing healthcare. However, the emergence and spread of antibiotic-resistant bacteria pose a significant threat to global public health. Antibiotic resistance occurs when bacteria develop mechanisms to withstand the effects of antibiotics, rendering them ineffective in killing or inhibiting bacterial growth. This resilience is primarily driven by genetic mutations or the acquisition of resistance genes from other bacteria through horizontal gene transfer.

Causes of antibiotic resistance

Misuse and overuse of antibiotics: Overprescribing, inappropriate use, and non-compliance with prescribed antibiotic regimens contribute to the development of antibiotic resistance. When antibiotics are used unnecessarily, bacteria have more opportunities to evolve and develop resistance mechanisms.

Agricultural use of antibiotics: The use of antibiotics in livestock farming and agriculture contributes to the spread of resistance. Animals may carry resistant bacteria, and their consumption or contact can transfer these bacteria to humans.

Lack of new antibiotics: The development of new antibiotics has significantly declined in recent decades, leading to a limited arsenal of effective drugs. This scarcity creates a favorable environment for the selection and proliferation of resistant bacteria.

Implications of antibiotic resistance

Increased morbidity and mortality: Antibiotic-resistant infections are associated with higher rates of treatment failure, prolonged illnesses, and increased mortality. Common bacterial infections, such as pneumonia, urinary tract infections, and bloodstream infections, are becoming increasingly difficult to treat.

Antibiotic-resistant infections place a substantial burden on healthcare systems. Patients with resistant infections often require longer hospital stays, intensive care, and more expensive treatments. This burden extends to society through increased healthcare costs and decreased productivity.

As resistance spreads, the effectiveness of antibiotics diminishes. In severe cases, infections that were once easily treatable may become untreatable, leaving healthcare professionals with limited options and potentially reverting to older, more toxic drugs. Responsible and judicious use of antibiotics is important in combating resistance. Healthcare professionals must prescribe antibiotics only when necessary, select the most appropriate drug, and ensure adherence to treatment regimens.

Enhanced infection prevention and control: Strict adherence to infection control measures, such as hand hygiene, sterilization, and isolation protocols, can help prevent the spread of resistant bacteria within healthcare settings.

Research and development: Increased investment in research and development is essential to discover new antibiotics and alternative treatment options. This includes exploring innovative approaches like phage therapy, immunotherapies, and novel antimicrobial agents. Raising awareness among the general public about the appropriate use of antibiotics, the consequences of resistance, and the importance of completing prescribed courses of antibiotics is important in combating resistance.

Conclusion

Antibiotic resistance poses a grave threat to public health, jeopardizing our ability to effectively treat bacterial infections. The development and spread of resistant bacteria are driven by multiple factors, including misuse of antibiotics and a lack of new drug development. To combat this crisis, a comprehensive approach involving improved antibiotic stewardship, infection control practices, research, and public education is necessary. Addressing antibiotic resistance is a global responsibility that requires collaborative efforts from healthcare professionals, policymakers, researchers, and the public to ensure the preservation of these life-saving drugs for future generations.