Commentary, Expert Opin Environ Biol Vol: 14 Issue: 1

Assessing the Impact of Microplastics on Aquatic Ecosystems

Jeevenh Satrin^*

Department of Environmental Science, Tezpur University, Tezpur, Assam, India

*Corresponding Author:

Jeevenh Satrin
Department of Environmental Science, Tezpur University, Tezpur, Assam, India
E-mail: runnan_chettri@ tu11.in

Received: 01-Mar-2025, Manuscript No. Eoeb-25-169973, Editor assigned: 03-Mar-2025, PreQC No. Eoeb-25-169973 (PQ), Reviewed: 17-Mar-2025, QC No. Eoeb-25-169973, Revised: 21-Mar-2025, Manuscript No. Eoeb-25- 169973 (R), Published: 28-Mar-2025, DOI: 10.4172/ 2325-9655.1000235

Citation: Jeevenh S (2025) Assessing the Impact of Microplastics on Aquatic Ecosystems. Expert Opin Environ Biol 14: 341

Copyright: © 2025 Jeevenh S. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

Abstract

Keywords: Microplastics; Ecotoxicology; Aquatic ecosystems; Bioaccumulation; Environmental pollution

Keywords

Microplastics; Ecotoxicology; Aquatic ecosystems; Bioaccumulation; Environmental pollution

Introduction

Microplastic pollution—plastic particles less than 5 mm in size—has been identified as a pervasive contaminant in global aquatic systems. These particles originate from the breakdown of larger plastics (secondary microplastics) or are directly manufactured at small sizes (primary microplastics) for industrial use. Due to their persistence and potential to adsorb toxic chemicals, microplastics represent a complex environmental problem that intersects biological, chemical, and physical domains. Ecotoxicology plays a crucial role in understanding their impacts, informing mitigation efforts, and protecting aquatic biodiversity [1].

Description

Microplastics enter aquatic ecosystems through multiple pathways, including wastewater discharge, stormwater runoff, and atmospheric deposition. Once in the water, their distribution is influenced by currents, wind, and particle density. In freshwater systems, they are often concentrated near urban and industrial areas, whereas in marine environments, they can be found from coastal zones to deep-sea sediments. Ecotoxicological research has revealed that microplastics can cause both physical and chemical harm to aquatic organisms. Physical effects include ingestion, leading to internal abrasions, false satiety, and reduced feeding efficiency. Chemically, microplastics can act as vectors for persistent organic pollutants (POPs), heavy metals, and other toxicants, which can be transferred into organisms upon ingestion. Laboratory experiments have demonstrated adverse effects on growth, reproduction, and survival in species ranging from plankton to fish [2].

One key concern is bioaccumulation and biomagnification through aquatic food webs. Studies indicate that microplastics and associated contaminants can move from prey to predators, potentially reaching humans through seafood consumption. Detection and quantification of microplastics require advanced analytical techniques, including Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Raman spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Standardization of these methods is critical for global data comparability. Mitigation strategies focus on reducing plastic production, improving waste management, and developing biodegradable alternatives. Policy initiatives, such as bans on microbeads and extended producer responsibility (EPR) programs, have shown promise but require broader international adoption [3].

Results

Recent field studies have confirmed widespread microplastic contamination in both developed and developing regions. Experimental data suggest that chronic exposure to microplastics can alter species behavior, metabolism, and immune function. Moreover, combined exposure to microplastics and chemical pollutants exacerbates toxicity, highlighting the importance of studying pollutant mixtures in ecotoxicology [4].

Discussion

Microplastic pollution represents a complex and multifaceted challenge in environmental biology. The interaction of microplastics with biological and chemical components of ecosystems requires interdisciplinary approaches combining ecology, chemistry, toxicology, and social science. While progress has been made in detecting and understanding their effects, significant knowledge gaps remain, especially regarding long-term ecological consequences and population-level impacts. Collaborative efforts between researchers, policymakers, and industry stakeholders are essential for effective management and mitigation [5].

Conclusion

Microplastics pose an emerging threat to aquatic ecosystems and, indirectly, to human health. Advancing ecotoxicological research, standardizing analytical methods, and implementing proactive policy measures are critical to mitigating this issue. The integration of scientific knowledge into legislative and public awareness frameworks will play a decisive role in reducing the environmental burden of microplastics.

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