Research Article, J Proteomics Enzymol Vol: 6 Issue: 1
Rapid Identification of E. coli Bacteriophages using Mass Spectrometry
| Serafim V*, Ring C, Pantoja L, Shah H, Shah A | |
| Department of Natural Sciences, Middlesex University, The Burroughs, London NW4 4BT, UK | |
| Corresponding author : Serafim Vlad Department of Natural Sciences, Middlesex University, The Burroughs, London NW4 4BT, United Kingdom Tel: 0044 2084114586, 0044 7876383303 E-mail: [email protected] |
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| Received: January 23, 2017 Accepted: February 21, 2017 Published: February 28, 2017 | |
| Citation: Serafim V, Ring C, Pantoja L, Shah H, Shah A (2017) Rapid Identification of E. coli Bacteriophages using Mass Spectrometry. J Proteomics Enzymol 6:1. doi: 10.4172/2470-1289.1000130 |
Abstract
Objective: The current increasing interest in the application of mass spectrometry, in particular MALDI-TOF MS, to identification of bacteria and fungi calls for a need to utilise this technology for identification of other infectious agents such as viruses. The aim of the present study was to develop a rapid and reliable mass spectrometry-based proteomic method for identification of Escherichia coli phages.
Methods: The approach was based on rapid in-solution tryptic digestion of suspensions of plaque-purified bacteriophage followed by mass spectral analysis. Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionisation time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) and liquid chromatography – tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS) were used to analyse the tryptic digests. Processing of tandem mass spectrometry data and interpretation of results were achieved using Mascot software and the Swiss-Prot database.
Results: Five bacteriophage species (Enterobacteria phages P2, T4, T5, T7 and Lambda) isolated in E. coli cultures were identified. The viral proteins were identified from a complex mixture of host bacterial proteins. In addition, using a single ion monitoring method, a Lambda prophage derived protein was also identified.
Conclusion: The data obtained demonstrate that LC-MS/MS can be used for accurate identification of E.coli- specific bacteriophages in both lytic and lysogenic cycles
Keywords: Bacteriophage virus; Mass-spectrometry; Liquid chromatography; MALDI; LC-MS/MS; Lytic; Lysogenic; Enterobacteria; E.coli; Phage; Viruses
Keywords |
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| Bacteriophage virus; Mass-spectrometry; Liquid chromatography; MALDI; LC-MS/MS; Lytic; Lysogenic; Enterobacteria; E.coli; Phage; Viruses | |
Introduction |
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| The global interest in applying mass spectrometry (and MALDITOF in particular) for bacterial identification has resulted in the development of new identification methods which are fast, robust and relatively inexpensive [1]. A logical trend would be the transfer of this approach to virus detection and identification [2,3]. Using the profile of intact proteins proved very successf ul for bacteria identification and, in most cases, provides a species level identification [1,4]. However, this approach cannot be used for viruses because they possess a restricted range of proteins and, furthermore, they cannot be produced in pure cultures. Therefore, the approach needs to concentrate on analysis of peptides obtained after tryptic digestion of viral proteins. | |
| Bacteriophages (‘phages’) are viruses that infect and replicate within bacteria. Many consist of a head (capsid) and a tail-like structure. The capsid encases the genetic material and is formed by multiple copies of one or a few proteins, most often having an icosahedral structure. The genome (DNA or RNA) may encode from a few to as many as hundreds of dgenes. The tail-like structure is responsible for attaching to the bacterial wall and delivering the phage genome [5,6]. | |
| Once inside the host cell, bacteriophages may replicate and destroy the cell (lytic cycle) or remain in a dormant state in which the phage nucleic acid becomes incorporated into the bacterial genome (lysogenic cycle). In the lysogenic cycle, the phage-derived genome is termed a prophage. The proteins expressed by the newly formed genome results in the modification of the host cell metabolism. The lysogenic cycle has medical importance since the toxic effect of some bacterial infections is caused by prophages. For example, diphteria toxin (produced by Corynebacterium diphtheriae) and Shiga Toxin (produced by E. coli and Shigella flexneri) are prophage induced [7,8]. | |
| Another medical importance of bacteriophage is in their potential use for treating bacterial infections, emphasised by the emergence of antibiotic resistance which represents a critical problem in today’s medicine. Administration of bacteriophages for treating bacterial infections was considered even before the discovery of antibiotics. Although this approach is declining in the United States and Western Europe once the use of antibiotics became widespread, phages continued to be used in Eastern Europe where several studies were published on their potential use [9-11]. | |
| Until now, mass spectrometry was employed in several studies for characterisation of the proteome of several species of phages [12-18]. However, in these studies, complex sample techniques were employed. Thus, either gradient centrifugation [13,14] or polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis [12,15,18] were used for separating and concentrating the viral proteins before mass spectrometry analysis. | |
| The aim of the present study was to develop a rapid and reliable mass spectrometry-based proteomic method for identification of Escherichia coli phages. The possibility of applying the methodology for detecting other phages was also taken into consideration. The mass spectrometry approach can eliminate the need of dedicated materials such as primers and probes used in genomic approaches. Moreover, the proteomic approach can achieve a level of multiplexing where several species of phages can be targeted without changing the method parameters and without using specialised materials. The approach took into consideration the restricted number and low concentration of phage proteins when compared with the host bacteria. Also, the complexity of the sample preparation process was taken into account. This was simplified and complex procedures such as density gradient centrifugation, gel electrophoresis and size exclusion filtration were avoided since they are labour intensive and time consuming. Therefore, the infected E. coli cultures were directly subjected to insolution tryptic digestion. The resulting peptides were analysed using MALDI-TOF MS and LC-MS/MS. The study workflow is illustrated in Figure 1. | |
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Figure 1: Study workflow: Sample preparation consisted of acetone precipitation; reconstitute the protein pellet in ammonium bicarbonate and in-solution tryptic digestion. MALDI-TOF MS and LC-MS/MS were used to analyse the digests. Mascot was used to search the obtained data against Swiss-Prot database. |
| The possibility of identifying prophage-induced proteins was also investigated. Thus, the toxic potential of E. coli and Shigella flexneri [8] could be evaluated and the potential Shiga Toxin-producing strains could be identified in a very short time and with relatively low costs. This technique could be used as an alternative to the DNA detection tests [19] where a complex sample preparation and multiple DNA probes are required for detection of different phage species. | |
Methodology |
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| Materials | |
| Sodium chloride, magnesium sulphate, Tris-hydrochloride, gelatin, acetone, dithiothreitol, iodoacetamide, trypsin from porcine pancreas of proteomics grade, formic acid, trifluoroacetic acid, acetonitrile, HPLC-grade water and α-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamic acid were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich, UK. C18 ZipTip were purchased from Merck Millipore (Hertfordshire, UK). | |
| Safety considerations | |
| All hazardous substances were handled using appropriate protective gloves, clothing and eye protection. Formic acid, trifluoroacetic acid, acetone and acetonitrile here handled inside the fume cupboard. | |
| Preparation of phage suspension | |
| SM buffer was prepared using the following recipe: 100 mM NaCl, 10 mM MgSO4, 50 mM Tris-HCl (pH7.5), 0.01% (w/v) gelatin. | |
| Phages, isolated from sewage effluent and suspensions of human faeces (unpublished work), were diluted in SM buffer and added to 200 μL of overnight cultures of host bacteria (E.coli strain 1025). The mixture was then added to 3 mL aliquots of ‘top agar’ (Nutrient broth + 0.7% agar) and plated on 90 mm Nutrient agar plates. Following overnight incubation at 37ËÂÂÂÂ�?�?C, isolated plaques were picked into SM buffer and re-plated with host bacteria as before. On this occasion, plates exhibiting around 90-95% confluent lysis were selected. Five mL of SM buffer was added to the surface of these plates and left at 4ËÂÂÂÂ�?�?C overnight for phage to soak into the buffer. These phages ‘soaks’ were removed from the agar surface using a pipette clarified using centrifugation at 10,000 g for 10 min and stored at 4ËÂÂÂÂ�?�?C until further processing. | |
| Protein extraction | |
| Phage suspensions in SM buffer were treated with ice-cold acetone 1:5 suspension : acetone (1:5, v/v). The samples underwent centrifugation at 13,000 g for 5 min. The supernatant was discarded and the pellet was allowed to dry. The pellet was reconstituted in 50 mM ammonium bicarbonate at the initial sample volume. The mixture was sonicated using Soniprep 150 Plus (MSE, UK) for 10 s with the amplitude set at 13. | |
| In-solution tryptic digestion | |
| An aliquot of phage suspension (50 μL) was treated with 3 μL of 100 mM dithiothreitol in 50 mM ammonium bicarbonate prior to heating at 95ËÂÂÂÂ�?�?C for 5 min. The samples were allowed to cool to room temperature and then 6 μL of 100 mM iodoacetamide in 50 mM ammonium bicarbonate was added. The mixture was incubated in the dark, at room temperature for 20 min. A 2 μL aliquot of trypsin (0.1 μg/μL dissolved in 50 mM ammonium bicarbonate) was added and tube was incubated at 37°C for 3 h. A further 2 μL of trypsin was added to the sample tube and the mixture was incubated at 37°C for a further 2 h. | |
| For microwave-assisted digestion, 2 μL of trypsin (0.1 μg/μL) was added to each sample (50 μL in volume) and the tubes were placed in a plastic beaker containing 250 mL of tap water. The beaker with samples was then placed in a domestic microwave oven which was set at the highest setting (700 W) and operated for 2 min. The tubes were removed and a further 2 μL of trypsin was added. The samples were microwaved using the same settings as before. Following tryptic digestion the samples were allowed to cool to room temperature. | |
| MALDI-TOF/MS analysis of tryptic digests | |
| Prior to spotting samples onto the MALDI target plate, the digests were processed using ZipTip C18 pipette tips following the manufacturer’s protocol. Subsequently, an aliquot (1 μL) of digest was spotted on a 96 wells polished steel MALDI-TOF plate (Bruker Daltonics, UK) After drying 1 μL of 5 mg/mL of α-cyano- 4-hydroxycinnamic acid (HCCA) in a mixture of acetonitrile, water and trifluoroacetic acid (50:47.5:2.5,%v/v) was applied. Once dried the samples were analysed using a Bruker Autoflex III (Bruker Daltonics, Coventry, UK) MALDI-TOF mass spectrometer. For peptide the fingerprinting was acquired in positive ion reflectron mode. The m/z range was set to 700-3,500 and acceleration voltage to 1958 V. The instrument was calibrated using peptide calibration standard II (Bruker Daltonics, UK) the data was acquired in positive ion reflectron mode. The mass range was set to 680-2,256 and the acceleration voltage to 1810 V. | |
| The mass spectra were processed using the Bruker FlexAnalysis (version 3.4) software. The obtained peptide mass fingerprints were searched against all entries in Swiss-Prot database (2016_2) using the Mascot (Matrix Science, UK). The search parameters were set as follows: trypsin as the cleavage enzyme, carbamidomethylation of cysteine (variable modification) and oxidation of methionine (constant modification). The mass tolerance was set to 250 ppm and two miss cleavages were allowed. | |
| LC-MS/MS analysis of tryptic digests (full ion scan) | |
| All LC-MS analyses were carried out using a Shimadzu Prominence HPLC system hyphenated to an electrospray ionisation hybrid ion-trap time-of-flight (IT-TOF) mass spectrometer (Shimadzu, UK). For chromatographic separation a 150 × 2.1 mm, 2.7 μm C18 column (Ascentis Express C18 – Sigma-Aldrich) was used. LabSolutions®software (version 3.50.348, Shimadzu, UK) was used for controlling the instrument and for acquiring the data. Separation of peptides was performed using a linear gradient elution profile composed of ‘A’-0.1% formic acid in water and ‘B’- 0.1% formic acid in acetonitrile at a flow rate of 0.21 mL / min. The elution profile started at 0% B then increased to 40% B over 50 min then to 90% ‘B’ over 1 min, maintained at this level for 3 min and then returning to 0% B in 1 min and kept at this composition for 15 min to equilibrate the column. A volume of 10 μL was injected per run and the column oven temperature was set at 40ËÂÂÂÂ�?�?C. Samples were kept in the autosampler tray set to 4ËÂÂÂÂ�?�?C. Mass spectrometry analysis was performed in MS/MS mode using positive ions electrospray. The precursors’ acquisition range was set from 400-1,800 m/z while the fragments acquisition range was set from 200-1,500 m/z. For both precursors and fragments the ion accumulation time was set to 30 msec. The detector voltage was set to 2 kV and CID energy was set at 50%. The other instrument conditions were set as follows: nebulising gas flow 1.5 L/min, CDL temperature 200ËÂÂÂÂ�?�?C, heat block temperature 200ËÂÂÂÂ�?�?C, interface voltage 4.5 V, detector voltage 2 kV. The data acquisition was performed in a 37.5 min interval. | |
| LC-MS/MS single ion monitoring method for identifying the phage-induced ea10 protein | |
| The targeted peptide had a unique sequence and a theoretical m/z of 1114.5327 (6% of the total protein sequence). In the full ion scan, it was detected as the double charged ion at 558.27 m/z. Thus, the precursor selection was set between 558.00 and 558.47 m/z. Precursor charge state was limited at 2+. Fragments selection range was set at 200-1000 m/z with a tolerance of 0.05 Da. Fragments ion accumulation was increased at 50 msec. The rest of the parameters were as previously described. The rest of parameters were left as described before. | |
| LC-MS/MS data processing | |
| MS/MS data were extracted from the resulting instrument files using Mascot Distiller software (version 2.5.1.0, Matrix Science, London, UK). The MS/MS ion list was searched using Mascot search engine against all entries in Swiss-Prot database (2016_2). For database search the following parameters were used: two missed cleavages, carbamidomethylation of cysteine (as fixed modification) and oxidation of methionine (as variable modification). For full ion scan, the tolerance for precursor peptides was set to 15 ppm and for fragments to 0.3 Da. Peptide charges used for peak picking was +2, +3 and +4. For single ion monitoring, the tolerance the parent ion was set at 5 ppm and for fragments at 0.05 Da. | |
Results and Discussion |
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| Following MALDI-TOF MS analysis of the tryptic digests, two bacteriophage species were identified: Enterobacteria phages Lambda and T4. The major capsid protein was identified for both species (Table 1). | |
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Table 1: Bacteriophage proteins identified using MALDI-TOF MS. |
| Following LC-MS/MS analysis, five phages species were identified based on their protein composition. These were Enterobacteria phages P2, T4, T5, T7 and Lambda. The proteins identified for these organisms are listed in Table 2 together with the number of corresponding identified peptides and their individual Mascot scores. For all proteins, the identification was based on fragmentation patterns of unique peptides. Only ions which exhibited identity or extensive homology (the ion cut-off score was adjusted according to Mascot calculation) were selected. Viral proteins specific only to a single bacteriophage species were identified in each sample. For each bacteriophage species, the number of identified protein varied from one for P2 phage to twelve for T5 phage. | |
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Table 2: Bacteriophage proteins identified using LC-IT-TOF in full MS/MS mode (peptide fragmentation fingerprint). |
| In-solution digestion was preferred over in-gel digestion since it is significantly less labour-intensive and takes less time to perform. The tryptic digests were separated using liquid chromatography using a fused-core C18 column which, together with the mass analyser, provided an excellent resolution to identify all the bacteriophage species in a complex mixture of hacterial host proteins. Furthermore, the in-solution trypsination was accelerated significantly by using microwave assisted digestion. | |
| More bacteriophage proteins (Table 2) and higher protein scores were obtained using 5 h digestion protocol than the microwave assisted method. Although less confident, the microwave-assisted digestion provided identification of all bacteriophage species used in this study. | |
| MALDI-TOF MS proved to be less successful in identifying the bacteriophage digests. The intensities of the parent ions were very low so they could not be analysed in MS/MS mode using laserinduced fragmentation. The reason for this might have been the low concentration of the phage proteins. All this considered, the LC-ITTOF proved to be more suitable for proteomics-based identification of bacteriophage. The chromatographic separation combined with ion accumulation provided greater selectivity and sensitivity that allowed the identification of viral proteins in an overwhelming mixture of bacterial proteins. | |
| The LC-MS/MS full scan protein report also revealed the Lambda prophage-derived protein ea10. However, due to the high number of values searched and the database complexity, the scores obtained placed the identification score below the homology threshold. Therefore, in order to develop a specific identification method, a single ion monitoring approach was used in order to isolate and fragment a unique peptide originating in ea10 protein. The results obtained showed a significant score (37 when scores >30 indicate identity or extensive homology) which provided a confident identification for the prophage peptide (Figure 2). | |
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Figure 2: LC-MS/MS data for the peptide selected for identification the Lambda prophage derived protein ea10. Mass spectrometry was performed positive MS/MS mode with an acquisition range of 558.00 – 558.47 m/z for precursor and 200 – 1000 m/z for products. Mascot Distiller was used for processing the data and the search was performed against Swiss rot database. The protein amino acid sequence is provided above the spectrum and the selected peptide is marked in red. The product ions are also marked corresponding to the spectrum bellow. |
Conclusions |
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| The results showed that presence of bacteriophage-encoded proteins originating from both lytic and lysogenic infections. For the prophage-induced protein, present at a low concentration, a single ion monitoring method can be used. This emphasises the need to carry out further LC-MS/MS of analyses of proteins extracts from bacteria which contain phages in lysogenic stage. Also, higher resolution LC-MS instruments can be used for increasing the selectivity and sensitivity. Thus, a method for detection of prophages based on protein biomarker could be developed as an alternative to the genomic detection. The proteomic based method could be cheaper, faster, and have a significant level of multiplexing since it can identify several phage species using the same parameters. | |
References |
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