Apple cider vinegar (ACV) displays antimicrobial activity directly against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albican proteins and in vitro monocytes exposed to microbes by inhibiting inflammatory cytokine secretion
Darshna Yagnik, Vlad Serafim, Manika Choudhary and Ajit Shah
Middlesex University, United Kingdom
: J Immunol Tech Infect Dis
Abstract
Introduction: Extraintestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli (E-coli) are the most frequent cause of blood borne, urinary tract and hospital acquired infections. Candida albicans and S. aureus infections can also pose a huge threat especially following transplantation and to immunocompromised patients. Globally, there is a growing need for novel anti-microbial agents to target microbes and multi drug resistance from bacterial, fungal associated infections. Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate the potential anti-microbial effects of ACV®. We used microbial strains: E-coli strain 6571, C. albicans strain 90828 and S. aureus purchased from ATCC. We tested the effect of commercial ACV® directly on microbial cultures over a 24-hour period, measuring inhibition zones. We also looked at whether ACV® could have an anti-inflammatory effect in vitro. This was tested using human blood derived monocytes which were incubated with microbes and AVC®. Collected supernatants were analyzed for pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion by ELISA. Results: ACV® could significantly inhibit E-coli growth demonstrated by the results of direct co-culture with each of the microbial inoculum and ACV® in varying concentrations. The zone of inhibition with the addition of ACV® to each of the microbes varied dose dependently ACV® concentration. For C. albicans and S. aureus, concentrated ACV® had the strongest effect, whereas on E-coli cultures, the most potent effect was visible at lower dilutions including 1/50 dilution of the neat solution (p<0.05). When monocytes were cultured with both microbes they secreted inflammatory cytokines (TNFα, IL-6) ACV® was effective in significantly inhibiting inflammatory cytokine secretion in human peripheral blood monocytes cultured with E-coli, S. aureus and C. albicans. We also showed that ACV® can damage the microorganism protein moieties after 24-hours. Conclusion & significance: ACV® displayed potent anti-microbial and anti-inflammatory activity against E-coli and C. albicans. We propose that ACV® could be potentially therapeutic.
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