Commentary, J Neurosci Clin Res Vol: 6 Issue: 5
Impairment of Emotional expression detection
Tang Wai Kwong*
Department of Psychiatry, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
*Corresponding Author:Tang Wai Kwong
Department of Psychiatry
Chinese University of Hong Kong
Hong Kong
China
Email:
tangwk@cuhk.edu.hk
Received date: September 07, 2021; Accepted date: September 22, 2021; Published date: September 29, 2021
Citation:John Tidy (2021) Liver S9 (LS9) is an Almost Complete Assortment of all Hepatic Medication using Proteins. J Pharm Drug Deliv Res 2021, 10:9
Abstract
Detecting emotional facial expressions is an initial and indispensable component of face-to-face communication. Neuropsychological studies on the neural substrates of this process have shown that bilateral amygdala lesions impaired the detection of emotional facial expressions. The participants were asked to detect normal facial expressions of anger and happiness, and artificially created anti-expressions, among a crowd with neutral expressions. Reaction times for the detection of normal expressions versus antiexpressions were shorter when the target faces were presented to the visual field contralateral to the intact hemisphere (i.e., stimulation of the intact hemisphere; e.g., right visual field for patients with right hemispheric resection) compared with the visual field contralateral to the resected hemisphere (i.e., stimulation of the resected hemisphere). Our findings imply that the medial temporal lobe structures, including the amygdala, play an essential role in the detection of emotional facial expressions, according to the emotional significance of the expressions. Detecting emotional facial expressions is an initial and indispensable component of conscious emotional communication. Appropriate detection of others’ emotional expressions allows us to understand their emotional states, and thus regulates social behavior and promotes the creation and maintenance of social relationships.
Keywords: Emotional expression detection, Neuropsychological studies, stimulation of the intact hemisphere
Introduction
The conditions are controlled in two ways with chemical and nervous responses. Cells called receptors which detect stimuli (changes in the environment). The coordination centre, such as the brain, spinal cord or pancreas, which receives and processes information from receptors around the body. Our nervous system allows us to detect and react to changes in the environment. Sense organs, like the eyes, detect changes and our central nervous system co-ordinates a response. The conditions inside our body must be carefully controlled if the body is to function effectively. The conditions are controlled in two ways with chemical and nervous responses.
The nervous system helps in controlling and coordinating various activities of the human body. The three types of nerves, cranial nerves, spinal nerves and visceral nerves run through the body and help in sending and receiving messages in the form of electrical impulses. The five sense organs in our body, eyes, ears, nose, tongue and skin are called receptors. This is because they receive information from the environment around us. Therefore, a receptor is a group of cells in sense organ which is sensitive to a particular type of stimulus like light, sound, smell, taste, heat, etc. All the receptors send message in the form of electrical impulses to spinal cord and brain through sensory nerves. Another type of nerves called motor nerves then transmits response from brain and spinal cord to effectors. An effector is a part of the body which responds to a stimulus according to the instructions sent from the nervous system. The muscles and glands are effectors of the body. Nervous system coordinates the activities of our body. It controls all our behaviour, thinking and actions. It is through nervous system only that all other systems of our body work. It passes information from one internal system to another. For example, when we put food in mouth, it causes release of saliva from the salivary glands. The cells that make up the nervous system are called neurons. Neuron is the largest cell in the body. The structure of neuron is such that it can carry messages in the body quickly. These messages are in the form of electrical impulses or nerve impulses. There are three components of neurons. The cell body of a neuron contains cytoplasm and a nucleus. There are many long and thin fibres coming out of the cell body of a neuron. The short fibres are called dendrites and the long fibre is called axon. The axon is covered with an insulating and protective sheath called myelin. It is made of fat and proteins.
The messages transmit through nervous system is in the form of electrical impulses called nerve impulses. The dendrites pick nerve impulses or messages from receptors and send them to cell body and then to axon. The axon sends these impulses to another neuron through a junction called synapse. There are three types of neurons, sensory neurons, motor neurons and relay neurons. The sensory cells or receptors are in contact with dendrite of sense organs. When there is a stimulus which acts on the receptor a chemical reaction occurs which produces an electrical impulse in it. This impulse travels from dendrite of sensory neuron to its cell body and then along the axon. At the end of axon electrical impulse release tiny amount of chemical substance in synapse and similar electrical impulse is started in the dendrite of next neuron. In this way the electrical impulse is carried in neurons till it reaches the relay neurons in spinal cord and brain. The relay neurons and motor neurons are connected in the similar way and helps bring electrical impulses from brain and spinal cord to the effectors like muscles and glands. Synapse ensures that electrical impulse travel in one direction only. This is because the chemical substance is present on one side of the gap only.
