Research Article, J Nanomater Mol Nanotechnol Vol: 9 Issue: 3

Nanostructured Calcium Phosphate Dihydrate- Glutaraldehyde Complex as an Innovative Biocidal Film for Anti Sars-Cov-2 Protection of Inanimate Surfaces, Air and a Water Sanitization

Amina Djadi^1,2*, Mohammed Bouzid¹ and Boudjema Bezzazi¹

¹Unit of Research Materials, Processes and Environment, University of M'hamed Bougarra-Boumerdes, Algeria

²Unit of Research in Analysis and Development Technologies and Environment, Centre of Scientific Research and Technical in Physico-Chemical Analysis, Tipaza, Algeria

*Corresponding Author : Amina Djadi
Unit of Research Materials, Processes and Environment, University of M'hamed Bougarra-Boumerdes, Algeria
E-mail: aminagpe@hotmail.fr

Received: May 15, 2020 Accepted: May 22, 2020 Published: May 29, 2020

Citation: Djadi A, Bouzid M, Bezzazi1 B (2020) Nanostructured Calcium Phosphate Dehydrate-Glutaraldehyde Complex as an Innovative Biocidal Film for Anti Sars-Cov-2 Protection of Inanimate Surfaces, Air and a Water Sanitization. J Nanomater Mol Nanotechnol 9:3.

Abstract

Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; Fragment genetic material; Protection of inanimate surfaces; Air purification; Water purification

Introduction

Glutaraldehyde (GL) is a broad-spectrum biocide [1-3]. It inactivates the walls by interaction with the proteins of the active biological particles [4]. The internal proteins of bacteria and viruses can be denatured [5]. Furthermore, it is an excellent element for protein fixation (Figure 1) [6].

Figure 1: Complexation reaction DCPD-GL.

Glutaraldehyde is used as a cross-linking agent for collagenbased biomaterials. The mechanism is based on the action of amine on the aldehyde function. The reaction of a sugar with GL relates to the carbonyl group of the aldehyde as a cross-linking point with the amino group of the sugar [7]. This type of reaction is part of the carbonyl-amine spectrum. It follows the general reactivity mechanism of proteins and collagen.

Glutaraldehyde reduces the virulence of the SARS-CoV-2. The 2% solution proved to be effective with a reduction to 3.0 Log10 of the viral titer [8]. It also constitutes an excellent anti-SARS-CoV-2 and antigenetic biocide for fragments found on surfaces. However, the issue with air, as reported by Liu Y [9], and water by Wurtzer S [10] remain unresolved.

In this work, we introduce a new biocide obtained by the action of calcium phosphate dihydrate on glutaraldehyde. The compound obtained provides protection against SARS-CoV-2 attached to inanimate surfaces and can be used for the decontamination of air and water.

Material and Methods

Nanostructured calcium phosphate di-hydrate-Glutaraldehyde (DCPD-GL) complexation reaction on (Figure 2) [11].

Figure 2: Complexation reaction DCPD-GL.

Hospital strains

The strains were isolated from patients hospitalized in the various departments of El Kettar University hospital center for Infectious Diseases of Algiers.

The young culture was prepared by seeding a few colonies of bacteria/yeasts on agar media (nutritive agar GN), incubated 24 h at 37°C for bacteria and 30°C for yeasts.

Result

Diffusion methods on discs (Antibiogram)

Inoculate the agar surface with the strain to be studied using a sterile platinum loop using the quadrant method. Impregnate sterile absorbent discs of 9 mm in the test solution using a sterile forceps; place the impregnated discs on the surface of the culture media, previously prepared, by pressing lightly on the disc, to ensure uniform contact with the culture medium. Incubation was carried out at 37°C for 24 hours for bacteria and 30°C for 48-72 hours for yeasts.

Reading is done by measuring the diameter of the muting zones around the disc using a ruler. The interpretation of the results is done according to the scale of estimation of antimicrobial activity given by the fascicle for standardization of the antibiogram on a national scale [12] (Figures 3 and 4, Tables 1 and 2).

Figure 3: Glutaraldehyde antibiogram on reference strains and hospital strains.

Figure 4: Antibiotic results of DCPD-GL on reference and hospital strains.

Table 1: GL antibiogram results.

Table 2: DCPD-GL antibiogram results.

Discussion

The anti-biograms of both GL and DCPD-GL complex on hospital strains and reference strains show microbiological activity on the various germs. Indeed, the diameters of the inhibition zones obtained are in the range 16 cm-25 cm. Furthermore, as reported [13], It is used in the disinfection of thermo-sensitive instruments in highly pathogenic medium. A 2% activated glutaraldehyde solution may be the most effective biocide agent for disinfection and decontamination of fibro-optic bronchoscopes [14] and in particular, the deactivations of inanimate surfaces at risk ofSARS-CoV-2 [8]. Glutaraldehyde represents an appreciable reference as a bactericide and virucide in the design of molecules adapted to the requirements of hospital hygiene (Figures 5-7) [15,16].

Figure 5: DCPD-GL complex.

Figure 6: DCPD-GL complex protein articulation mechanism.

Figure 7: Mechanism of action of the protective film of the complex structured DCPD-GL.

The complexation of glutaraldehyde by DCPD gives a stable brick-red compound (Figure 8). Electron microscopy shows a porous compound (Figure 9). While a coupled X-ray microanalysis confirms its phospho-organic structure (Figure 10). The microbiological activity of the DCPD-GL complex is similar to that of glutaraldehyde as shown by comparing the means (Figures 3 and 4, Tables 1 and 2). This result can be chemically explained: The Phosphate dihydrate blocks one of the functions of pent-1.5 dial in water. The material can be obtained in solution, in the form of a thin film or in the form of crystals.

Figure 8: Aspect of the complex structured DCPD-GL complex film.

Figure 9: SEM Complex structured DCPD-GL.

Figure 10: EDX confirms the constitution of the complex structured DCPD-GL.

The action of the DCPD-GL complex on the bacteria (Enz-NH₂) results in a release of DCPD in the medium after formation of the schiff base.

Conclusion

The 2% glutaraldehyde solution is a broad spectrum biocide. It deactivates the SARS-Cov-2 Strain-229E. The action of nanostructured dicalcium phosphate dihydrate on the glutaraldehyde molecule gives a stable brick-red, neuter, odorless, and porous material. Biocidal property remains similar to the glutaraldehyde molecule. The DCPDGL complex has pressing applications as a protective film for sensitive inanimate surfaces, as a filter for cleaning air and for purifying water in biologically active environments SARS-Covid-2. Complexation of glutaraldehyde with nanostructured dicalcium phosphate dihydrate blocking one of the two functions makes it possible to obtain a stable solid form. The porous material shows a biocidal property similar to glutaraldehyde in solution.

Acknowledgment

I would like to thank the Director General of Scientific Research Algiers for these encouragements in this international Anti-SARS CoV research.

References

1. Gorman SP, Eileen MS (1980) Antimicrobial activity. Uses and mechanism of action of glutaraldehyde. J Appl Bacteriol 48: 161-190.
2. Gerald M, Denver R (2001) Antiseptics and disinfectants: Activities, action, and resistance. Clin Microbiol Rev 12: 147-179.
3. Boukhatem MN (2020) Novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak in Algeria: A new challenge for prevention. J Comm Med Heal Care 5: 1035.
4. Er KY, Cao HL, Zhang CY, Lu QQ, Ye YL, et al. (2015) Cross-linked protein crystals by glutaraldehyde and their applications. RSC Adv 5: 26157-26162.
5. Hiroaki K, Nobuhiro F, Ikuoma (2006) Inactivation of SARS Coronavirus by means of povidone-iodine, physical conditions and chemical reagents. Dermatol 212: 119-123.
6. Kampfa GB, Blobc K, Martinyd H (2004) Surface fixation of dried blood by glutaraldehyde and per acetic acid,  J Hosp Infect 57: 139-143.
7. Ostrowska C, Druzynska MG (2011) Influence of crosslinking process conditions on molecular and supermolecular structure of chitosan hydrogel membrane. Progress Chemist Appl Chitin Deriva 16: 15-22.
8. Kampf G,  Todt D,  Pfaender S,  Steinmann E (2020) Persistence of coronaviruses on inanimate surfaces andtheir inactivation with biocidal agents. J Hospital Infect 104: 246-251.
9. Kampf G,  Todt D,  Pfaender S,  Steinmann E (2020) Persistence of coronaviruses on inanimate surfaces andtheir inactivation with biocidal agents. J Hospital Infect 104: 246-251.
10. Liu Y, Ning Z, Chen Y, Guo M, Liu Y, et al. (2020) Aerodynamic analysis of SARS-CoV-2 in two Wuhan hospitals. Nature 27.
11. Wurtzer S, Marechal V, Mouchel JM, Moulin L, Maday Y, et al. (2020) Time course quantitative detection of SARS-CoV-2 in Parisian wastewaters correlates with COVID-19 confirmed cases. MedRxiv 2020.
12. WHO (2011) Algerian network for monitoring the resistance of bacteria to antibiotics, standardization of the antibiogram on a national scale (human and veterinary medicine) 6th Edn. WHO.
13. Mohammed B (2014) Aspect toxicologique et physicochimique du 1,5-dipentanal. Europ Scient J 10: 21.
14. Bouzid1 M, Djadi A, Guechtoulli S (2014) The dicalcium phosphate dihydrate fixator and stabilizer of glutaraldehyde. The Amer Ceram Society 23: 433.
15. Maria T (1982) Pseudomonas aeruginosa contamination of fibreoptic bronchoscopes. J Hosp Inf 3: 65-71.
16. Marchetti MG, Salvatorelli G, Finzi G, Cugini P (2000) Endoscope washers-A protocol for their use. J Hospital Infect 46: 210-215.