Research Article, Dent Health Curr Res Vol: 5 Issue: 1

Relationship between BMI and Periodontal Diseases

AlAzbah SA^*

Department of Dentistry, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia

*Corresponding Author : Abdullah Saeed AlAzbah
Department of Dentistry, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
Tel: 00966557775016
E-mail: abdallah.bds1@gmail.com

Received: December 04, 2018 Accepted: December 26, 2018 Published: January 07, 2019

Citation: AlAzbah SA (2019) Relationship between BMI and Periodontal Diseases. Dent Health Curr Res 5:1. doi: 10.4172/2470-0886.1000136

Abstract

Keywords: Periodontal diseases; Body Mass Index (BMI); Prevalence

Introduction

Periodontal is a multifactorial (local, environmental and genetic factors related) disease of the tooth structures. It is highly prevalent, affecting 10%-15% of the population, is considered as the most common cause of tooth loss among adults [1]. Plaque-induced periodontal diseases have traditionally been divided into two general categories based on whether attachment loss has occurred: i) gingivitis and ii) periodontitis. Gingivitis is the inflammation without loss of connective tissue attachment [2,3]. Periodontitis can be defined as gingival inflammation at sites where there has been a pathological detachment of collagen fibers from cementum and the junctional epithelium has migrated apically. In addition, inflammatory events associated with connective tissue attachment loss also lead to the resorption of coronal portions of tooth-supporting alveolar bone [2,3]. Physicians are concerned about the high rates of tooth loss and periodontal disease because these oral conditions are associated with significant negative health outcomes. Periodontal diseases have potential effects on a wide range of organ systems, eg: cardiovascular disease (CVD)s, stroke, rheumatoid arthritis (RA), diabetes Mellitus, preeclampsia and preterm labour /low birth-weight baby, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, acute respiratory infections and even on chronic renal disease [4-16].

Overweight and obesity is one of today’s most common diseases. Overweight and obesity are a global epidemic, with 1 billion overweight people, of whom 300 million are obese, and at least 2.6 million die each year as a result of being overweight or obese [17,18]. Obesity is common in highly industrialized societies where there is a sedentary lifestyle with minimal dependence on exercise. A typical example could be the Saudi society. Some alarming statistics quoted in leading publications stated that about 66% Saudi women are overweight. Approximately 52% of the adult population in Saudi Arabia is obese while among adolescents it is 18%. Over 15% of pre-school children are also victims of obesity.

The above results referred to might, therefore, being related to both genetic and environmental factors such as over nutrition. According to this hypothesis, the authors felt it important to investigate the relationship between BMI and periodontal diseases in a Saudi Arabian community, that is, in a relatively stable ethnic group. The aim of this study was to raise the General Practitioner’s awareness when treating overweight /obese individuals.

Materials and Methods

In this study, random data was recorded from the patients attending the OPC, College of Dentistry, KKU where periodontal diseases were indexed after Loe H: J Periodontol (suppl) and modified from Russell AL: J Dent Res [19].

Periodontal parameters will be recorded

• Plaque index (PI).

• Gingival index (GI).

• Periodontal Pocket Depth (PPD).

• Clinical Attachment Loss (CAL).

• Bone Loss (BL).

• Wisdom teeth were excluded.

Subjects

Twenty (20) overweight [body mass index (BMI) ≥ 25.0 kg/m2] participants and 20 normal BMI (<25.0 kg/m²) participants were randomly selected for this research study.

Patient inclusion criteria

• Saudi Nationals.

• iBMI ≥18.5.

• Systemically healthy subjects.

• Age: ≥18 years old.

• Non-smoker.

• A signed informed consent form.

Patient exclusion criteria

• Systemic disease or severe immune deficiency.

• Addiction to drugs.

• Subjects unable or unwilling to complete the trial.

• Lack of linguistic skills or psychiatric disorders or decline to sign the informed consent.

Overweight is defined as a body mass index (BMI) ≥ 25.0 kg/m². BMI or Quetelet index is a method of estimating a person’s body fat levels based upon a person’s weight and height measurements. While the BMI calculation is an indirect measurement, it has been found to be a fairly reliable indicator of body fat measures in most people [20].

For adults, BMI results are interpreted as follows [19].

• BMI <18.5=Under weight

• BMI 18.5 – 24.9=Normal Weight.

• BMI 25.0–29.9=Over Weight.

• BMI=30.0=Obese.

BMI was calculated by the following way [21] (Table 1).

Table 1: Measurements of BMI.

Results

See Tables 2-4 and Figure 1.

Table 2: High BMI case.

Table 3: control case.

Table 4: Effects in blood groups.

Discussion

Obesity is risk factor of chronic diseases, such as coronary heart disease, stroke, adverse pregnancy outcomes, diabetes, and mortality; however it has not been until recently that an increased weight (BMI) was also related to dental health, especially periodontitis. It has been suggested that obesity is related to the occurrence of periodontal disease. Cross-sectional studies have reported the association between obesity and periodontal diseases. Wood et al. as well as with periodontitis Al-Zahrani et al. Dalla Vecchia et al., Genco et al., Saito et al., Ekuni et al., Khader et al., Kongstad et al. and gingivitis. It has also been reported that obesity is related to the presence of risk factors for periodontal disease, such as biofilm and dental calculus Franchini et al. Pischon et al. suggested that the secretion of inflammatory cytokines by adipose tissue could be triggered by lipopolysaccharide of gram-negative periodontal bacteria, leading to hepatic dyslipidemia and reduction in insulin sensitivity [7,22-30]. This reaction would be enhanced in individuals with higher amounts of adipose tissue and would exacerbate the systemic inflammatory condition predisposing to the establishment or aggravation of inflammatory diseases such as periodontitis. A study by Eduardo Dickie de Castilhos stated that systemic inflammation and oral hygiene may be mediating the association between obesity and gingivitis. Obesity was not associated with periodontal pockets in young adults in this cohort. Another study by Benguigui proved that plaque index, reflecting dental plaque, and PD, closely linked with periodontal inflammation and infection, are statistically associated with high BMI and obesity, independently of dietary patterns and insulin resistance. More caries and gingival inflammation were observed in adolescents with obesity as stated by Fadel. According to Prpic persons with an increased BMI had slightly worse dental health, as represented by higher dental index, regardless of their tooth brushing routines, and lower levels of education. The results of our study also found a correlation between obesity and Periodontal diseases.

Conclusion

This study gives us one more finding that shows high BMI are associated related to the periodontal diseases and to prevent that good nutrition and adequate physical activity are necessary for overall health and may help improve periodontal health by reducing the periodontal disease progression rate.

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