Cesarean Scar Ectopic Pregnancy: Three Cases Illustrating Divergent Treatment Options Where No Standard Management Exists

Abstract
Background: Cesarean scar ectopic pregnancies are locatedwithin the myometrium of a previous cesarean scar. Although rare, the incidence is increasing and should be considered when evaluating ectopic pregnancies. Management for cesarean scar ectopic pregnancies varies from conservative to surgical, and currently, there is no consensus regarding the optimal management of patients with cesarean scar ectopic pregnancies.

 New Insides on VaginalImmunity and Recurrent Infections

Major advances in gene amplification and DNA sequencing technology over the last decade have fundamentally changed our knowledge about the vaginal milieu [1]. Professor Albert Doderlein first reported culturing bacteria from vaginal secretions that were classified in 1928 as Lactobacillus acidophilus, a genus of Gram-positive facultative anaerobic or microaerophilic rod-shaped bacteria. Doderlein found that these bacteria produced lactic acid, which in turn inhibited growth of pathogens both in vitro and in vivo.

 Laparoscopic Management of Fallopian Tube Torsion Associated with a Paratubal Cyst in a 13-Year-Old Adolescent Girl

Adnexal torsion is an uncommon gynaecological emergency. Torsion is commonly associated with an ovarian mass but rarely with paratubal cyst [1,2]. Paratubal cysts are more common in the pre-menarcheal and adolescent girls. It is therefore important to exclude such pathology in young girls with abdominal pain in order to conserve their future ovarian function and fertility. We report a case of unilateral tubal torsion associated with ipsilateral paratubal cyst managed laparoscopically with good outcome.

Clinical, Investigative, Postoperative Status in Cervical Precancer and Cancer

Early diagnosis and accurate staging are essential for appropriate management of cervical cancer, one of the most common cancers and leading cause of cancer deaths worldwide. The objective of present study was to know the correlation between clinical,investigative, surgical and histopathological diagnosis in suspicious and staging in obvious cancer cases. Study subjects were of 20-64 years, diagnosed over 2 years with aid of visual inspection (VI), vaginal and cervical cytology, visual inspection after application
of acetic acid (VIA), VI after application of Lugol’s iodine (VILI), followed by colposcope guided cervical biopsy, intraoperative and postoperative staging after histopathology of specimen in clinically suspicious and obvious cancer cases.

Cervical Neoplasia-Associated Schistosomiasis in HIV-Infected and Uninfected South African
Women

Epidemiologic mapping of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), urogenital schistosomiasis (UGS), and cervical cancer in sub-Saharan Africa exhibit substantial overlap. This prompted the hypothesis of a possible link between these conditions. Cross-sectional studies suggest an increased risk of HIV infection
and transmission in women with UGS. In this perspective, it is hypothesized that systematic prevention of schistosomiasis in school girls might contribute to the reduction of transmission of HIV after sexual debut.